Sandy beaches within meta-social-ecological systems: An integrated framework for ecology, management, and conservation

Sandy beaches are dynamic ecosystems embedded within broader meta-social-ecological systems (M-SES), shaped by cross-ecosystem flows, trophic connectivity, and multiscale human pressures. Here, we develop an integrated M-SES framework to advance the understanding, management, and conservation of sandy beaches as interconnected nodes within wider meta-ecological networks. We synthesize key patterns of metapopulation structure, metacommunity dynamics, and meta-ecosystem processes, highlighting the pivotal role of sandy beaches in sustaining regional biodiversity, energy fluxes, and ecosystem functioning. While interconnections across the Littoral Active Zone (LAZ)—comprising dunes, beaches, and surf zones—underpin local ecosystem functioning, meta-ecosystem processes arise from exchanges between the LAZ and adjacent systems (e.g., estuaries, reefs, nearshore pelagic zones). These connections are increasingly disrupted by both local and cross-realm stressors. We introduce the concept of meta-deposits, framing sandy beaches as dynamic sinks and redistribution hubs for contaminants transported by oceanographic and atmospheric processes. Local stressors (e.g., trampling, sand mining) and cross-realm pressures (e.g., coastal squeeze, plastic pollution, climate change) interact with governance deficits, intensifying ecosystem degradation and undermining biodiversity, ecosystem services, and coastal resilience. The M-SES framework fosters multiscale, adaptive governance by integrating ecological connectivity with institutional and social dimensions. Key strategies include strengthening polycentric governance, promoting nature-based solutions, enhancing resilience through participatory mechanisms, and incorporating cross-realm connectivity into spatial planning where appropriate. Emerging tools—such as environmental DNA, remote sensing, and social-ecological modeling—offer powerful means to monitor biodiversity, track ecosystem change, and support evidence-based decision-making. Finally, we identify critical research priorities to refine meta-ecological applications in sandy beach systems, including improved understanding of dispersal, energy fluxes, biotic interactions, and cumulative anthropogenic stressors. Advancing an integrated M-SES approach is essential to sustain the ecological integrity, biodiversity, and societal benefits of sandy beaches in the face of accelerating global change.