Applying multi-criteria decision analysis in the assessment of carbon dioxide removal technologies for Saudi Arabia

This paper investigates the potential application of various carbon dioxide removal strategies within Saudi Arabia. It evaluates both traditional and innovative carbon dioxide removal solutions using a multi-criteria decision analysis approach. The study defines performance, economic, and environmental criteria, including factors such as technology readiness, CO₂ permanence, costs, environmental impacts, and socio-economic co-benefits. Furthermore, it examines the policy and regulatory environment, as well as the feasibility and preparedness for monitoring, reporting, verification, and certification of different carbon dioxide removals. The analysis identifies five key groups of carbon dioxide removals for prioritization in Saudi Arabia: (i) energy-from-waste and biomethane production integrated with carbon capture, utilization, and storage, (ii) direct air capture, (iii) biomass pyrolysis producing biochar, (iv) conventional nature-based solutions, and (v) enhanced weathering. The study suggests that policies in the Kingdom should focus on diverting waste from landfills to 'energy-from-waste with carbon capture, utilization, and storage' facilities and on utilizing waste heat from industrial sites for direct air capture networks. By offering this detailed analysis, the paper seeks to provide valuable guidance for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders in advancing carbon dioxide removal efforts in Saudi Arabia.