Cardiorespiratory impact of COVID-19 in young adults: A propensity score-weighted cohort study

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns regarding persisting cardiorespiratory effects in young adults. This study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on cardiopulmonary function in this population.

Methods

This investigation, using data from the LoCoMo study, evaluated young recruits from the Swiss Armed Forces, aged 18–30 years. Participants were categorized based on their SARS-CoV-2 infection status and underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), spirometry, and diffusion capacity tests (DLCO). Propensity score weighting adjusted for confounding factors compared key outcomes between the control and COVID-19 groups.

Finding

We evaluated 242 participants in the control group and 240 in the COVID-19 group. The propensity score-weighted analysis showed no significant differences in most CPET and pulmonary outcomes. The COVID-19 group exhibited a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) at peak exercise by 7.68 mmHg (p = 0.001), more pronounced in recent cases (<6 months, 14.60 mmHg, p = 0.002) and persisting after infection in non-recent cases (>6 months, 9.07 mmHg, p = <0.001). There was an increase in V'Epeak [% predicted MVV] by 2.92 % in the COVID-19 group, notably in the “non-recent” subgroup who had been infected more than 6 months previously (p = 0.003).

Interpretation

Young adults can exhibit persisting cardiopulmonary effects post-COVID-19, including reduced systolic blood pressure at peak exercise and increased ventilatory response, likely due to deconditioning and muscle weakness. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining physical activity during recovery to mitigate these effects.