Recent advances in the application of nanotechnology in joint arthroplasty: a narrative review.

Background and objective: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease, involving biomechanical, inflammatory, and metabolic processes that ultimately impact the structure and function of a joint. Current therapeutic options can improve symptoms and prolong the time to surgery, yet they are not curative and are limited by their systemic side-effects and their inability to provide site-specific delivery. Nanomedicine takes advantage of the unique properties held by technology on the nanoscale (1-100 nm), including surface effects and quantum effects, that allow for novel mechanical, thermal, and magnetic functions. The primary aim of this narrative review is to summarize the recent advances made in nanotechnology and their uses in joint arthroplasty.

Methods: This narrative review was performed following a computerized search of the electronic database on PubMed in September 2024. Papers related to the use of nanotechnology in orthopaedic arthroplasty surgery were included for review.

Key context and findings: Nanotechnology holds the promise of optimizing OA treatment, refining the implants used during joint arthroplasty, and aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of post-operative joint infections. With the increasingly aging population and growing demand for joint replacement, this review aims to cover the novel applications of nanoparticles (NPs) within the realm of joint replacement surgery.

Conclusions: Future studies are needed to further investigate the clinical translation of NPs in joint arthroplasty. Additionally, the potential of NPs needs to be considered within their limitations and their safety profile that is still being defined.