Facile electrochemical synthesis of binder-free tin nanostructures on carbon foam: A promising electrode for high-efficiency supercapacitors

Energy storage technologies that are efficient are in constant demand. Supercapacitors have attracted much interest among these gadgets because of their superior cycle stability and high-power density. This work used a simple and cost-effective sonication-assisted electrodeposition approach to develop tin oxide nanoparticles on functionalised carbon foam substrate with different concentration ratios (1 mM, 3 mM, and 5 mM). FTIR, XRD, and SEM validated the chemical, structural, and morphological characteristics of all nanostructured electrodes. The tetragonal structure with spherical shape was the result of the fine crystallisation of the tin oxide nanoparticles. The electrochemical characteristics are evaluated by CV, EIS, and GCD testing. Among all electrodes, Sn₁@CF has a larger electrochemically active surface area, low internal resistance, and high specific capacitance. These findings underscore that the binder-free Sn₁@CF electrode is a promising candidate for high-efficiency supercapacitor applications.