Nucleation and growth of MOF-based composite materials for electrochemical energy storage

Existing studies have systematically summarized the synthesis methods, performance optimization strategies, and uses of MOF composites in areas such as supercapacitors, batteries, and electrocatalysis. Unlike existing literature, this review delves into the synthesis processes of MOF composites from the perspective of nucleation mechanisms, with an emphasis on the effects of induced nucleation (including dynamic and in situ nucleation) and seed-mediated growth (utilizing MOFs or functional materials as seeds) on material structures and properties. Induced nucleation influences crystal growth by modulating parameters such as temperature and solvents, while in situ nucleation controls the process through the introduction of specific precursors. Seed-mediated growth, on the other hand, involves the growth of crystals on pre-existing seeds supported on substrates. By leveraging the significant advantages of MOF composites, such as enhanced conductivity, stability, and performance, these materials have been shown to improve the functionality of supercapacitors and batteries. Additionally, they exhibit excellent catalytic activity in electrocatalysis. In summary, this study not only elucidates the nucleation mechanism-guided preparation methods of MOF-based materials but also uncovers their underlying mechanisms in electrochemical energy storage. It offers fresh perspectives and practical guidance toward the advancement of high-performance electrochemical power storage materials.