Unravelling the Dopant-Induced Hemostasis and Osteogenesis in Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles

Mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) have emerged as promising candidates for bone defect treatment due to their ability to promote superior dissolution followed by the biomineralization process. MBGs with controllable amounts of therapeutic ions, aimed at imparting antibacterial activity as well as stimulating osteogenesis and angiogenesis, represent the newest approach to developing biomaterials. In this study, we demonstrate the nanosized MBGs with multiple biological functions, the framework of mesoporous ternary SiO₂–CaO–P₂O₅ bioactive glass modified with a minor amount of copper ions (2% mol). The MBG obtained via the modified sol–gel method involves a combined evaporation-induced self-assembly process followed by acid extraction and ethanol treatment. The Cu-containing MBGs (Cu-MBGs) were found to possess high surface area, uniform pore size, excellent in-vitro bioactivity, and sustained release of copper ions. MBGs obtained after acid and ethanol extraction processes possess a surface area greater than 500 m² g^–1 with a high density of Si–OH groups. The hemolysis percentage of less than 3% suggested an excellent candidate for strong hemocompatibility. Cu-MBG nanoparticles and their ionic dissolution exhibit antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and pronounced anticancer properties against Hela cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the acid-extracted Cu-MBG sample demonstrated remarkable biocompatibility with human osteosarcoma U2OS cells, maintaining compatibility even at concentrations of up to 200 μg mL^–1. These findings suggest that Cu-MBG, integrating multiple functions, holds promise for bioactivity, degradability, blood and bone cell compatibility, cancer treatment, and antibacterial efficacy, offering potential for treating infectious diseases and bone-related defects.