Electrochemical Properties of LiCoO2 as Anode Material of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Implementation for Recycling and Reuse of Spent Material

The electrochemical behavior of the cathode material LiCoO₂ was systematically investigated within the anodic potential range to explore its feasibility as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Reversible lithium-ion intercalation was observed as a function of the low potential limit, demonstrating its potential for high-capacity energy storage. The study revealed that stable electrochemical performance was achieved when 1.25 Li⁺ per formula unit was inserted into the material, yielding an average capacity of 350 mA·h·g⁻¹. Detailed galvanostatic charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry tests indicated that LiCoO₂ could intercalate lithium ions reversibly without significant structural degradation up to 1.5 Li⁺ per formula unit. At this optimal lithium content, the material exhibited a well-balanced performance between specific capacity and long-term cycling stability. However, challenges such as capacity fading at higher lithium concentrations were noted, which were attributed to structural instability and phase transformations. Despite these limitations, LiCoO₂ demonstrated promising properties as a conversion-type anode material, making it a viable alternative to conventional anodes for advanced LIBs. This study underscores the importance of precise control over lithium intercalation levels to optimize the electrochemical performance of LiCoO₂.