Recent advances in targeted therapy on cancers by nanoparticles encapsulated in exosomes: a comprehensive review

With the advent of nanotherapeutic medications in the realms of anti-tumor multidrug resistance (MDR) and drug delivery systems, new opportunities for combination therapy and the elimination of drug resistance mechanisms have emerged. The formulation loses all efficacy in controlling cancer cell growth when nanoparticles (NPs) agglomerate within cells to form a protein corona, which interferes with the biomolecules' normal action. Negative interactions between NPs and living things may cause dangerous toxicities. New possibilities for nanomedicine have emerged thanks to the fast development of nanotechnology based on extracellular vesicles. After merging with the plasma membrane, the multivesicular body (MVB) releases its contents into the extracellular environment, producing the exosome (EXO). In addition, EXOs has been engineered to include a wide range of therapeutic compounds, including nucleic acids. A number of these methods have shown promising results in combating diverse illnesses. Because receptor proteins and lipids on recipient cells allow EXOs to concentrate cargo distribution to particular cells or regions, EXOs may also improve delivery efficiency. More so, the tiny size of EXOs, coupled with their enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) function, allows them to target cancer areas. We have compiled a list of all the NPs employed to cure cancer. Then, we reviewed EXOs for targeted therapy and NP side effect reduction in response to clinical limits in NP cancer treatment. In this paper, we have discussed the key features of EXOs and evaluated current research on using EXO-encapsulated anticancer NPs to treat cancer. At last, we have covered the benefits and drawbacks of this approach to cancer therapy in clinical settings, as well as key ways to address the latter.