Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Kidney Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations.

In recent years, there have been significant changes in the lifestyle and eating behaviors of the population characterized by increased intake of high-calories food and a sedentary lifestyle without physical activity. The increased prevalence of overweight and obesity has led to metabolic dysfunction and their related complications, such as cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance, clinical features and pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated kidney disease (MDAKD). MDAKD is a term that describes kidney disease arising from metabolic dysfunction, often in the context of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and is characterized by the presence of CKD in individuals with metabolic abnormalities such as obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. MDAKD includes diabetic kidney disease (DKD), obesity-related kidney disease (ORKD) and with increasing recognition of other rarer kidney diseases where metabolic dysfunction may impact progression. MDAKD is part of the spectrum of diseases whose pathogenesis is driven by metabolic dysfunction and has recently led to the proposal of new nomenclature including metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and Cardio-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (CKM Syndrome). The new terminology of MDAKD provides additional emphasis on the pathogenic role of metabolic dysfunction on kidney disease.