Challenges and Countermeasures for Ensuring Health and Drug Stability During Long-Term Space Missions.

Microgravity, space radiation, and pharmaceutical degradation are all long-term chal-lenges for astronauts traveling through space. Radiation exposure is one of the greatest health risks to astronauts in space. Associated with these conditions are acute radiation syndromes, degenerative tissue effects, damage to the central nervous system (CNS), and carcinogenesis. Microgravity and the stress people experience as astronauts cause immunological dysregulation. This study explores strat-egies to counteract the problems of microgravity and its related health risks, including protection against space radiation, prevention of pharmaceutical degradation, and advancements in the emerging field of astropharmacy.