Muna E Raypah, Mohd Faizal Jamlos, Jelena Muncan, Ku Muhammad Naim Ku Khalif, Sarah Atifah Saruchi, Munira Mohd Ali, Chin Sim Yee, Agus Nugroho, Prabowo Puranto
{"title":"紫外可见光谱法检测Fe3 +离子ph依赖碳点灵敏度的多变量分析。","authors":"Muna E Raypah, Mohd Faizal Jamlos, Jelena Muncan, Ku Muhammad Naim Ku Khalif, Sarah Atifah Saruchi, Munira Mohd Ali, Chin Sim Yee, Agus Nugroho, Prabowo Puranto","doi":"10.1007/s10895-025-04358-z","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) have become a potent and adaptable nanomaterial in recent years for the sensitive and specific detection of heavy metal ions. Ferric ion (Fe<sup>3+</sup>) is one of the most damaging metal ions that can infiltrate the human body and the environment. In this study, blue-emitting carbon dots (CDs) were successfully synthesized from lemon juice using a hydrothermal process. The sensitivity of CDs to Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions was examined using various concentrations of Fe<sup>3+</sup> (0-400 µM) under different pH conditions (3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13) by measuring UV-Vis absorbance at 200-700 nm. The findings showed that the interaction between CDs and Fe<sup>3+</sup> is significantly influenced by pH, resulting in varying absorbance enhancement responses. To get more profound insights into this pH-dependent performance, multivariate analysis techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were utilized. By combining these techniques with experimental data, significant correlations between pH levels, <math><mrow><mi>π</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mmultiscripts><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow> <mrow></mrow> <mrow><mrow></mrow> <mo>∗</mo></mrow> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </math> and <math><mrow><mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mmultiscripts><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow> <mrow></mrow> <mrow><mrow></mrow> <mo>∗</mo></mrow> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </math> electronic transitions of CDs, and Fe<sup>3</sup>⁺ sensing performance were identified. According to the PLSR model, pH 7 is ideal for real-world uses since it offers the optimum balance between Fe<sup>3</sup>⁺ solubility and CDs sensing capabilities, closely matching environmental and physiological conditions. This work contributes to the knowledge of CDs-based sensing mechanisms and emphasizes the value of multivariate analysis in boosting material performance for real-world applications in the biochemical and environmental domains.</p>","PeriodicalId":15800,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fluorescence","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Multivariate Analysis of pH-Dependent Carbon Dots Sensitivity for Fe<sup>3</sup>⁺ Ions Detection Using UV-VIS Spectroscopy.\",\"authors\":\"Muna E Raypah, Mohd Faizal Jamlos, Jelena Muncan, Ku Muhammad Naim Ku Khalif, Sarah Atifah Saruchi, Munira Mohd Ali, Chin Sim Yee, Agus Nugroho, Prabowo Puranto\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10895-025-04358-z\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p>Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) have become a potent and adaptable nanomaterial in recent years for the sensitive and specific detection of heavy metal ions. Ferric ion (Fe<sup>3+</sup>) is one of the most damaging metal ions that can infiltrate the human body and the environment. In this study, blue-emitting carbon dots (CDs) were successfully synthesized from lemon juice using a hydrothermal process. The sensitivity of CDs to Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions was examined using various concentrations of Fe<sup>3+</sup> (0-400 µM) under different pH conditions (3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13) by measuring UV-Vis absorbance at 200-700 nm. The findings showed that the interaction between CDs and Fe<sup>3+</sup> is significantly influenced by pH, resulting in varying absorbance enhancement responses. To get more profound insights into this pH-dependent performance, multivariate analysis techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were utilized. By combining these techniques with experimental data, significant correlations between pH levels, <math><mrow><mi>π</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mmultiscripts><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow> <mrow></mrow> <mrow><mrow></mrow> <mo>∗</mo></mrow> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </math> and <math><mrow><mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mmultiscripts><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow> <mrow></mrow> <mrow><mrow></mrow> <mo>∗</mo></mrow> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </math> electronic transitions of CDs, and Fe<sup>3</sup>⁺ sensing performance were identified. According to the PLSR model, pH 7 is ideal for real-world uses since it offers the optimum balance between Fe<sup>3</sup>⁺ solubility and CDs sensing capabilities, closely matching environmental and physiological conditions. This work contributes to the knowledge of CDs-based sensing mechanisms and emphasizes the value of multivariate analysis in boosting material performance for real-world applications in the biochemical and environmental domains.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":15800,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Fluorescence\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.6000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-05-14\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Fluorescence\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"92\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-025-04358-z\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"化学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH METHODS\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Fluorescence","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-025-04358-z","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH METHODS","Score":null,"Total":0}
Multivariate Analysis of pH-Dependent Carbon Dots Sensitivity for Fe3⁺ Ions Detection Using UV-VIS Spectroscopy.
Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) have become a potent and adaptable nanomaterial in recent years for the sensitive and specific detection of heavy metal ions. Ferric ion (Fe3+) is one of the most damaging metal ions that can infiltrate the human body and the environment. In this study, blue-emitting carbon dots (CDs) were successfully synthesized from lemon juice using a hydrothermal process. The sensitivity of CDs to Fe3+ ions was examined using various concentrations of Fe3+ (0-400 µM) under different pH conditions (3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13) by measuring UV-Vis absorbance at 200-700 nm. The findings showed that the interaction between CDs and Fe3+ is significantly influenced by pH, resulting in varying absorbance enhancement responses. To get more profound insights into this pH-dependent performance, multivariate analysis techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were utilized. By combining these techniques with experimental data, significant correlations between pH levels, and electronic transitions of CDs, and Fe3⁺ sensing performance were identified. According to the PLSR model, pH 7 is ideal for real-world uses since it offers the optimum balance between Fe3⁺ solubility and CDs sensing capabilities, closely matching environmental and physiological conditions. This work contributes to the knowledge of CDs-based sensing mechanisms and emphasizes the value of multivariate analysis in boosting material performance for real-world applications in the biochemical and environmental domains.
期刊介绍:
Journal of Fluorescence is an international forum for the publication of peer-reviewed original articles that advance the practice of this established spectroscopic technique. Topics covered include advances in theory/and or data analysis, studies of the photophysics of aromatic molecules, solvent, and environmental effects, development of stationary or time-resolved measurements, advances in fluorescence microscopy, imaging, photobleaching/recovery measurements, and/or phosphorescence for studies of cell biology, chemical biology and the advanced uses of fluorescence in flow cytometry/analysis, immunology, high throughput screening/drug discovery, DNA sequencing/arrays, genomics and proteomics. Typical applications might include studies of macromolecular dynamics and conformation, intracellular chemistry, and gene expression. The journal also publishes papers that describe the synthesis and characterization of new fluorophores, particularly those displaying unique sensitivities and/or optical properties. In addition to original articles, the Journal also publishes reviews, rapid communications, short communications, letters to the editor, topical news articles, and technical and design notes.