A comparative analysis of Darcy–Forchheimer nanofluid flow with thermal and solutal effects over a Riga plate

The nanoparticles enhance heat transfer ability so the performance of energy storage and production devices is improved. This study explores the Darcy–Forchheimer nanofluid flowing through a Riga plate. Thermal radiation with heat source/sink is taken under analysis. The nanoparticles of copper (Cu) are mixed with the non-Newtonian Williamson fluid. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations and then solved numerically with the Bvp4c solver in MATLAB and analytically by homotopy analysis method (HAM). Graphical solutions of the velocity, temperature, and concentration with skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are investigated. Surface plotting is also used to show a reduction of velocity and an improvement in temperature. The decreasing percentage of Nusselt number is obtained when thermal stratification varies from 0.0 to 6.0, and the diminishing percentage of Sherwood number is attained when the solution stratification parameter varies from 0.0 to 0.6 for Williamson fluids.