Transforming Cardiovascular Care–Biosensors and Their Potential: A Review

The increasing global prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) stresses the urgent need for cost effective, portable, and reliable biosensors to monitor cardiac health and detect disease biomarkers in real time. Recent advancements in the biosensor technology have harnessed flexible nanomaterials, chemical molecules, and integrated electronic circuits, enabling the development of compact and efficient medical devices. These innovations are driving the transition of biosensing techniques from laboratory settings to practical, real-world applications, including wearable and point-of-care (POC) devices. The seamless integration of biosensors with the human body allows for continuous, real-time cardiac monitoring, utilizing both invasive and noninvasive measurement techniques to detect critical cardiac biomarkers. Such devices enable early detection of CVDs and facilitate timely intervention, significantly improving patient outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art biosensing methods for multimodal cardiac monitoring and diagnostics, highlighting recent progress in sensor development and integration with digital processors for cardiac biomarker screening. The hardware and software architectures involved in designing biosensors are also examined, with a focus on their application in tracking cardiac blood biomarkers and heartbeat signals. By evaluating current advancements, this review offers valuable insights for innovation in next-generation medical devices for early detection and continuous monitoring of cardiovascular conditions.