Bioinspired design strategies for high-performance Zn-MnO₂ batteries

In this review, we explore bioinspired structural approaches that enhance both electrochemical performance and mechanical durability in Zn-MnO₂ batteries. Specifically, we investigate nature-based mass transport methods derived from plant vascular systems and hierarchical porosity structures to optimize Zn²⁺ ion transport and charge storage efficiency. Additionally, bioinspired mechanical reinforcement strategies—modeled after exoskeletons, honeycomb frameworks, and nacre-like structures—improve battery electrode stability by reducing phase transition-induced cracking and capacity deterioration. This review synthesizes three key strategies for mitigating dendrite growth and interfacial instability, focusing on conductive nanomaterial integration, defect engineering, and self-healing coatings. We highlight recent advancements in biomimetic coating that accelerate ion transport and minimize overpotential losses. Furthermore, we examine bioinspired approaches to overcoming Zn-MnO₂ battery limitations, particularly through the development of hierarchical porous MnO₂ cathodes and mechanically robust Zn anodes. The findings underscore the significant impact of biomimetic designs in extending cycle life, improving energy density, and enhancing safety, thereby positioning Zn-MnO₂ batteries as viable candidates for large-scale energy storage applications.