Green synthesis of nanoceria using Terminalia Arjuna extract for enhanced stability, antioxidant, and anticancer properties than their chemical counterparts

Nanoceria, a potent nanozyme, widely explored for biomedical applications, often faces toxicity and stability issues when synthesized chemically. In this study, nanoceria (NC-G) is synthesized via a simple green method using Terminalia arjuna extract as a reducing and capping agent and is compared with chemically synthesized nanoceria (NC-C) for stability, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. The mean sizes and surface charge of NC-C and NC-G was found to be 37.78 ± 15.5 nm (-16.2 ± 7.6 mV) and 21.8 ± 5.3 nm (-51.4 ± 8.9 mV) respectively. The percentage of Ce ^3 + and Ce ⁴⁺ was determined using XPS analyses. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and antioxidant regenerative properties of NC-G was determined to have better performance than NC-C. Thus, NC-G demonstrated an improvement in cyto-compatibility when compared to NC-C using MTT assay. Moreover, NC-G showed enhanced intracellular antioxidant and cyto-protective properties under oxidative stress in rat cardiomyocytes cell line (H9C2). Further, both NC-C and NC-G showed dose-dependent anti-cancerous activity towards human breast cancer cell line (MCF7), with NC-G demonstrating enhanced pro-oxidant properties on MCF7 cells. The results from this study indicate that NC-G could be a potential nanomedicine as an antioxidant therapy in cardiovascular diseases or as pro-oxidant therapeutics in oncology.