Emerging applications of nano-metal-organic frameworks for sustainable agriculture: A critical review

Micro/Nano-organic frameworks (nMOFs) emerge as transformative materials in sustainable agriculture, mitigating the excessive use of agrochemicals that cause environmental degradation and agricultural productivity problems. The high porosity, tunable surface chemistry, and structural adaptability of nMOFs make them ideal for soil applications in agrochemical delivery, remediation, and environmental monitoring. This review examines the unique properties and applications of nMOFs, highlighting their roles in controlled-release agrochemicals, efficient pesticide adsorption, and pesticide sensing. nMOF-based systems enable precise delivery mechanisms responsive to environmental stimuli, reducing chemical waste and environmental contamination while enhancing crop yields. Furthermore, advanced nMOF composites have shown promise in remediating persistent pesticides and detecting agrochemical residues with high sensitivity and selectivity. Despite significant progress, challenges such as large-scale synthesis, cost reduction, and field validation remain. Addressing these limitations can unlock the potential of nMOFs, positioning them as pivotal technologies in the transition toward sustainable agricultural practices. This critical review consolidates current advancements and identifies future opportunities for nMOFs to transform the agricultural sector.