Unlocking genetic potential: a review of the role of CRISPR/Cas technologies in rapeseed improvement.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a globally important oil crop, providing edible vegetable oil and other valuable sources for humans. Being an allotetraploid, rapeseed has a complex genome that has undergone whole-genome duplication, making molecular breeding rather difficult. Fortunately, clustered regularly interspacedshort palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) technologies have emerged as a potent tool in plant breeding, providing unprecedented accuracy as well as effectiveness in genome editing. This review focuses on the application and progresses of CRISPR/Cas technologies in rapeseed. We discussed the principles and mechanisms of CRISPR/Cas systems focusing on their use in rapeseed improvement such as targeted gene knockout, gene editing and transcriptional regulation. Furthermore, we summarized the regulatory frameworks governing CRISPR-edited crops as well as the challenges and opportunities for their commercialization and adoption. The potential advantages of CRISPR-mediated traits in rapeseed such as increased yield, disease and stress resistance and oil quality are discussed along with biosafety and environmental implications. The purpose of this review is to provide insights into the transformative role of CRISPR/Cas technologies in rapeseed breeding and its potential to address global agricultural challenges while ensuring sustainable crop production.