Human immunodeficiency virus and Helicobacter pylori coinfection: Immune modulation and eradication failure.

The relationship between Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is bidirectional and complex. Helicobacter pylori, by inducing local gastric and systemic immune responses, counteracts HIV invasion to CD4+ cells and other inflammatory cells and can reactivate HIV in latently infected immune cells. Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection, by reducing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduces the incidence of H. pylori-induced gastric pathology. Gastric lymphoma regressed in some cases of people living with HIV (PLWH) after H. pylori eradication. Triple therapy for H. pylori could be associated with a strong immune. Treatment for both H. pylori and HIV can reduce the activation of either organism. However, the primary resistance to antibiotics such as levofloxacin, clarithromycin and metronidazole is higher among PLWH. This review highlights the need for further research and guidelines on the appropriate antibiotics in HIV-H. pylori co-infection particularly in PLWH who receive multiple antibiotic prophylaxis.