老化的大脑:皮质过度激活——它是如何进化的?

IF 4.7 2区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES
Wolfgang Taube, Benedikt Lauber
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引用次数: 0

摘要

有大量证据表明,在执行运动和运动认知任务(即双重任务)时,大脑活动会发生与年龄相关的变化。总的来说,这项研究表明,与年轻人相比,老年人的健康大脑皮层活动增加,即皮层过度激活,以及不太明显的皮层下失活。此外,大脑网络活动变得不那么明显和不那么分离。有趣的是,从行为的角度来看,其中一些适应似乎是有益的,导致他们的运动表现比同龄的老年人更好,但另一些则与表现较差有关。因此,当前的理论试图解释这些发现,要么支持补偿策略,要么从非选择性、低效(去分化)大脑激活的角度来解释。然而,当前理论的局限性在于它们是“静态的”,只考虑一个时间点,而不是随着时间的推移与年龄相关的大脑活动进展。相反,本文提出了一个从补偿到负过度补偿再到慢性适应不良过度补偿的发展过程,从而导致去分化和去隔离。此外,这篇文章强调,当任务挑战增加时,老年受试者使用运动控制策略,如皮质活动增加,抑制过程下调,大脑激活模式较少分离和偏侧化,这在健康的年轻人中也很常见。因此,许多关于大脑活动差异的发现可能源于这样一个事实,即尽管“绝对任务难度”保持不变,但老年受试者的“相对任务难度”增加了,迫使他们应用上述神经激活策略。然而,随着时间的推移,这种最初的补偿策略可能会变成低效的大脑激活。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Re: JP-TR-2024-286891 'The ageing brain: Cortical overactivation - How does it evolve?'

There is overwhelming evidence for an age-related change in brain activity when performing motor and motor-cognitive tasks (i.e. dual-tasking). In general this research shows increased cortical activity, i.e. cortical overactivation, and, less evident, subcortical deactivation in the healthy brains of older compared to young adults. Furthermore brain network activity becomes less distinct and less segregated. Interestingly from a behavioural point of view some of these adaptations seem helpful, leading to better motor performances than in age-matched seniors, but others are related to inferior performance. Current theories try to explain these findings, therefore, either in favour of compensatory strategies or in terms of non-selective, inefficient (dedifferentiated) brain activation. However the limitation of current theories is that they are 'static', considering only one point in time instead of age-related progression of brain activity over time. In contrast this review article proposes a developmental process, from compensation to negative overcompensation to chronic maladaptive overcompensation, which leads to dedifferentiation and desegregation. In addition this article highlights that elderly subjects utilize motor control strategies, such as increased cortical activity, down-regulation of inhibitory processes and less-segregated and lateralized brain activation patterns, that are also commonly found in healthy young adults when task challenges increase. Thus many findings about differences in brain activation may result from the fact that although 'absolute task difficulty' remains the same, 'relative task difficulty' increases for the older subjects, forcing them to apply the above-mentioned neural activation strategies. This initially compensatory strategy can, however, turn into non-efficient brain activation over time.

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来源期刊
Journal of Physiology-London
Journal of Physiology-London 医学-神经科学
CiteScore
9.70
自引率
7.30%
发文量
817
审稿时长
2 months
期刊介绍: The Journal of Physiology publishes full-length original Research Papers and Techniques for Physiology, which are short papers aimed at disseminating new techniques for physiological research. Articles solicited by the Editorial Board include Perspectives, Symposium Reports and Topical Reviews, which highlight areas of special physiological interest. CrossTalk articles are short editorial-style invited articles framing a debate between experts in the field on controversial topics. Letters to the Editor and Journal Club articles are also published. All categories of papers are subjected to peer reivew. The Journal of Physiology welcomes submitted research papers in all areas of physiology. Authors should present original work that illustrates new physiological principles or mechanisms. Papers on work at the molecular level, at the level of the cell membrane, single cells, tissues or organs and on systems physiology are all acceptable. Theoretical papers and papers that use computational models to further our understanding of physiological processes will be considered if based on experimentally derived data and if the hypothesis advanced is directly amenable to experimental testing. While emphasis is on human and mammalian physiology, work on lower vertebrate or invertebrate preparations may be suitable if it furthers the understanding of the functioning of other organisms including mammals.
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