Revisiting Virchow`s Node: Exploring the Diagnostic Spectrum of the Supraclavicular Lymph Node Through Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Objective: Virchow`s node, described in 1848, represents a metastasis to the left supraclavicular lymph node, commonly arising from gastric cancer. However, in regions with lower gastric cancer incidence, the relevance of Virchow`s node and the spectrum of diagnosis associated with supraclavicular lymphadenopathy (SCLAP) needs reevaluation. This study aimed to analyze the spectrum of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) at a tertiary care institute.

Material and methods: We retrospectively reviewed all supraclavicular lymph node aspirations performed between March 2019 and August 2022. Data were collected from the Department of Pathology`s electronic records and descriptive analyses were performed.

Results: Out of 270 FNAC procedures for SCLAP, 50 were non-diagnostic. Of the 220 patients, cytological diagnosis was categorized as metastatic malignancy in 120 (54.5%) patients, granulomatous lymphadenitis in 57 (25.9%), reactive lymphadenitis in 11 (5.0%), acute suppurative lymphadenitis in 21 (9.5%), and lymphoproliferative disorder in 10 (4.54%) patients. Among the 120 metastatic cases, the most common type was adenocarcinoma (58.3%). The most common primary site was the lung (22.5%), oral cavity (19.2%), breast (12.5%), and gallbladder (10%). Primary gut carcinomas constitute only 9% of supraclavicular lymph node metastases.

Conclusion: The findings suggest a need to reconsider the clinical significance of Virchow`s node, especially in regions with different cancer epidemiology. FNAC remains a critical diagnostic tool in evaluating SCLAP.