Epigenetic regulation and beyond in grapevine-pathogen interactions: a biotechnological perspective.

As one of the most important crop plants worldwide, understanding the mechanisms underlying grapevine response to pathogen attacks is key to achieving a productive and sustainable viticulture. Recently, epigenetic regulation in plant immunity has gained significant traction in the scientific community, not only for its role in gene expression regulation but also for its heritability, giving it enormous biotechnological potential. Epigenetic marks have been shown to be dynamically modulated in key genomic regions upon infection, with some being maintained after such, being responsible for priming defense genes. In grapevine, however, knowledge of epigenetic mechanisms is still limited, especially regarding biotic stress responses, representing a glaring gap in knowledge in this important crop plant. Here, we report and integrate current knowledge on grapevine epigenetic regulation as well as non-epigenetic non-coding RNAs in the response to biotic stress. We also explore how epigenetic marks may be useful in grapevine breeding for resistance, considering different approaches, from uncovering and exploiting natural variation to inducing it through different means.