Microbial electrotaxis: rewiring environmental microbiomes.

Electric fields in sediments and soils are critical yet overlooked drivers of microbial ecology. This review examines the importance of electrotaxis in shaping microbial community dynamics and ecology models, surpassing traditional frameworks centered on chemotaxis. We analyze evidence that electric field gradients influence microbial community structure, function, and biogeochemical cycles in natural environments. Current mechanistic models, primarily based on eukaryotic systems, insufficiently explain bacterial electrotactic responses, necessitating new conceptual frameworks that integrate electrochemical and biological perspectives. We also evaluate its applications in environmental and microbiome engineering, with future research recommendations and methodologies in electrotaxis research. This synthesis aims to establish electrotaxis as an essential consideration in microbial ecology, presenting both challenges and opportunities for advancing our understanding of microbial ecosystems.