Thomas Syme, Abel Agbevo, Josias Fagbohoun, Boris N'dombidjé, Judicael Nounagnon, Juniace Ahoga, Joël Akpi, Corine Ngufor
{"title":"对经过杀虫剂处理的蚊帐进行20次清洗以进行实验小屋评估，这是否可以作为它们在家庭条件下使用寿命结束时的一个合适指标？","authors":"Thomas Syme, Abel Agbevo, Josias Fagbohoun, Boris N'dombidjé, Judicael Nounagnon, Juniace Ahoga, Joël Akpi, Corine Ngufor","doi":"10.1186/s13071-025-06743-w","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are washed 20 times as part of experimental hut trials to simulate the loss of active ingredient (AI) occurring over their intended 3-year lifespan and estimate insecticidal durability. The ability of the 20-wash method to predict the end-of-life performance of ITNs has not been empirically validated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed an experimental hut trial to compare the efficacy of new ITNs unwashed and washed 20 times to field-aged ITNs withdrawn from households 3 years post-distribution against a pyrethroid-resistant vector population in Covè, Benin. Four products from pyrethroid-only (Interceptor<sup>®</sup>), pyrethroid-piperonyl butoxide (PermaNet<sup>®</sup> 3.0), pyrethroid-pyriproxyfen (Royal Guard<sup>®</sup>) and pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr (Interceptor<sup>®</sup> G2) ITN types were tested. Net pieces were tested in bioassays and sent for chemical analysis to assess differences in surface AI bioavailability and total chemical content between washed and field-aged nets. Susceptibility bioassays were also performed to assess insecticide resistance in the Covè vector population.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mosquito mortality in experimental huts was similar or slightly higher with field-aged nets than washed nets with Interceptor<sup>®</sup> (11% vs. 10%, p = 0.339, OR = 1.19, 95% CIs [0.84, 1.69]), PermaNet<sup>®</sup> 3.0 (12% vs. 18%, p < 0.001, OR = 1.78, 95% CIs [1.34, 2.38]) and Royal Guard<sup>®</sup> (9% vs. 14%, p = 0.076, OR = 1.33, 95% CIs: [0.97, 1.83]). Likewise, field-aged Royal Guard<sup>®</sup> induced a similar reduction in fertility to washed Royal Guard<sup>®</sup> (22% vs. 29%, p = 0.066). In contrast, mortality was significantly lower with field-aged nets Interceptor<sup>®</sup> G2 compared to washed nets (54% vs. 19%, p < 0.001, OR = 0.18, 95% CIs [0.14, 0.24]). Blood-feeding inhibition was higher with field-aged nets than washed nets across all ITN types. Retention of non-pyrethroid AIs was lower than for the pyrethroid, particularly with field-aged nets (PermaNet<sup>®</sup> 3.0 (roof): 25% vs. 68%, p < 0.001, Royal Guard<sup>®</sup>: 27% vs. 53%, p < 0.001, Interceptor<sup>®</sup> G2: 14% vs. 39%, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this setting, the 20-wash method provided a suitable proxy for the end-of-life killing and sterilising performance of Interceptor<sup>®</sup>, PermaNet<sup>®</sup> 3.0 and Royal Guard® in experimental huts. In contrast, washing overestimated the end-of-life performance of Interceptor<sup>®</sup> G2 for mortality and underestimated the personal protection of all field-aged ITNs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19793,"journal":{"name":"Parasites & Vectors","volume":"18 1","pages":"148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12010526/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Does washing insecticide-treated nets 20 times for experimental hut evaluations provide a suitable proxy for their end-of-life performance under household conditions?\",\"authors\":\"Thomas Syme, Abel Agbevo, Josias Fagbohoun, Boris N'dombidjé, Judicael Nounagnon, Juniace Ahoga, Joël Akpi, Corine Ngufor\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s13071-025-06743-w\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are washed 20 times as part of experimental hut trials to simulate the loss of active ingredient (AI) occurring over their intended 3-year lifespan and estimate insecticidal durability. The ability of the 20-wash method to predict the end-of-life performance of ITNs has not been empirically validated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed an experimental hut trial to compare the efficacy of new ITNs unwashed and washed 20 times to field-aged ITNs withdrawn from households 3 years post-distribution against a pyrethroid-resistant vector population in Covè, Benin. Four products from pyrethroid-only (Interceptor<sup>®</sup>), pyrethroid-piperonyl butoxide (PermaNet<sup>®</sup> 3.0), pyrethroid-pyriproxyfen (Royal Guard<sup>®</sup>) and pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr (Interceptor<sup>®</sup> G2) ITN types were tested. Net pieces were tested in bioassays and sent for chemical analysis to assess differences in surface AI bioavailability and total chemical content between washed and field-aged nets. Susceptibility bioassays were also performed to assess insecticide resistance in the Covè vector population.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mosquito mortality in experimental huts was similar or slightly higher with field-aged nets than washed nets with Interceptor<sup>®</sup> (11% vs. 10%, p = 0.339, OR = 1.19, 95% CIs [0.84, 1.69]), PermaNet<sup>®</sup> 3.0 (12% vs. 18%, p < 0.001, OR = 1.78, 95% CIs [1.34, 2.38]) and Royal Guard<sup>®</sup> (9% vs. 14%, p = 0.076, OR = 1.33, 95% CIs: [0.97, 1.83]). Likewise, field-aged Royal Guard<sup>®</sup> induced a similar reduction in fertility to washed Royal Guard<sup>®</sup> (22% vs. 29%, p = 0.066). In contrast, mortality was significantly lower with field-aged nets Interceptor<sup>®</sup> G2 compared to washed nets (54% vs. 19%, p < 0.001, OR = 0.18, 95% CIs [0.14, 0.24]). Blood-feeding inhibition was higher with field-aged nets than washed nets across all ITN types. Retention of non-pyrethroid AIs was lower than for the pyrethroid, particularly with field-aged nets (PermaNet<sup>®</sup> 3.0 (roof): 25% vs. 68%, p < 0.001, Royal Guard<sup>®</sup>: 27% vs. 53%, p < 0.001, Interceptor<sup>®</sup> G2: 14% vs. 39%, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this setting, the 20-wash method provided a suitable proxy for the end-of-life killing and sterilising performance of Interceptor<sup>®</sup>, PermaNet<sup>®</sup> 3.0 and Royal Guard® in experimental huts. In contrast, washing overestimated the end-of-life performance of Interceptor<sup>®</sup> G2 for mortality and underestimated the personal protection of all field-aged ITNs.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":19793,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Parasites & Vectors\",\"volume\":\"18 1\",\"pages\":\"148\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-04-21\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12010526/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Parasites & Vectors\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-025-06743-w\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"PARASITOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Parasites & Vectors","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-025-06743-w","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PARASITOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
背景：作为实验小屋试验的一部分，经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐（ITNs）被清洗20次，以模拟在其预定的3年使用寿命期间发生的活性成分（AI）损失，并估计杀虫剂的耐久性。20次洗涤法预测itn寿命终止性能的能力尚未得到经验验证。方法：我们在贝宁Covè进行了一项实验小屋试验，比较未清洗和清洗20次的新驱虫蚊帐与分发3年后从家庭中取出的田间老化驱虫蚊帐对拟除虫菊酯抗性病媒种群的效果。对纯拟除虫菊酯（Interceptor®）、拟除虫菊酯-胡椒酰丁醇（PermaNet®3.0）、拟除虫菊酯-吡丙醚（Royal Guard®）和拟除虫菊酯-氯虫腈（Interceptor®G2）四种ITN产品进行了测试。在生物分析中对网片进行测试，并送去进行化学分析，以评估水洗网和野外老化网之间表面AI生物利用度和总化学含量的差异。对Covè病媒种群进行药敏生物测定，评估其对杀虫剂的抗性。结果：实验棚内使用田间老化蚊帐的蚊子死亡率与使用Interceptor®水洗蚊帐相似或略高（11%比10%，p = 0.339, or = 1.19, 95% ci[0.84, 1.69]），使用PermaNet®3.0(12%比18%，p®（9%比14%，p = 0.076, or = 1.33, 95% ci:[0.97, 1.83]）。同样，战场年龄的Royal Guard®诱导的生育力下降与洗过的Royal Guard®相似（22%对29%，p = 0.066）。相比之下，使用现场老化网Interceptor®G2的死亡率显著低于水洗网（54% vs. 19%, p®3.0（屋顶）：25% vs. 68%, p®：27% vs. 53%, p®G2: 14% vs. 39%）。结论：在这种情况下，20水洗法为实验小屋中Interceptor®、PermaNet®3.0和Royal Guard®的终末杀灭和灭菌性能提供了合适的替代方法。相比之下，washing高估了Interceptor®G2的寿命终止性能对死亡率的影响，低估了所有现场老化的itn的个人保护。
Does washing insecticide-treated nets 20 times for experimental hut evaluations provide a suitable proxy for their end-of-life performance under household conditions?
Background: Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are washed 20 times as part of experimental hut trials to simulate the loss of active ingredient (AI) occurring over their intended 3-year lifespan and estimate insecticidal durability. The ability of the 20-wash method to predict the end-of-life performance of ITNs has not been empirically validated.
Methods: We performed an experimental hut trial to compare the efficacy of new ITNs unwashed and washed 20 times to field-aged ITNs withdrawn from households 3 years post-distribution against a pyrethroid-resistant vector population in Covè, Benin. Four products from pyrethroid-only (Interceptor®), pyrethroid-piperonyl butoxide (PermaNet® 3.0), pyrethroid-pyriproxyfen (Royal Guard®) and pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr (Interceptor® G2) ITN types were tested. Net pieces were tested in bioassays and sent for chemical analysis to assess differences in surface AI bioavailability and total chemical content between washed and field-aged nets. Susceptibility bioassays were also performed to assess insecticide resistance in the Covè vector population.
Results: Mosquito mortality in experimental huts was similar or slightly higher with field-aged nets than washed nets with Interceptor® (11% vs. 10%, p = 0.339, OR = 1.19, 95% CIs [0.84, 1.69]), PermaNet® 3.0 (12% vs. 18%, p < 0.001, OR = 1.78, 95% CIs [1.34, 2.38]) and Royal Guard® (9% vs. 14%, p = 0.076, OR = 1.33, 95% CIs: [0.97, 1.83]). Likewise, field-aged Royal Guard® induced a similar reduction in fertility to washed Royal Guard® (22% vs. 29%, p = 0.066). In contrast, mortality was significantly lower with field-aged nets Interceptor® G2 compared to washed nets (54% vs. 19%, p < 0.001, OR = 0.18, 95% CIs [0.14, 0.24]). Blood-feeding inhibition was higher with field-aged nets than washed nets across all ITN types. Retention of non-pyrethroid AIs was lower than for the pyrethroid, particularly with field-aged nets (PermaNet® 3.0 (roof): 25% vs. 68%, p < 0.001, Royal Guard®: 27% vs. 53%, p < 0.001, Interceptor® G2: 14% vs. 39%, p < 0.001).
Conclusions: In this setting, the 20-wash method provided a suitable proxy for the end-of-life killing and sterilising performance of Interceptor®, PermaNet® 3.0 and Royal Guard® in experimental huts. In contrast, washing overestimated the end-of-life performance of Interceptor® G2 for mortality and underestimated the personal protection of all field-aged ITNs.
期刊介绍：
Parasites & Vectors is an open access, peer-reviewed online journal dealing with the biology of parasites, parasitic diseases, intermediate hosts, vectors and vector-borne pathogens. Manuscripts published in this journal will be available to all worldwide, with no barriers to access, immediately following acceptance. However, authors retain the copyright of their material and may use it, or distribute it, as they wish.
Manuscripts on all aspects of the basic and applied biology of parasites, intermediate hosts, vectors and vector-borne pathogens will be considered. In addition to the traditional and well-established areas of science in these fields, we also aim to provide a vehicle for publication of the rapidly developing resources and technology in parasite, intermediate host and vector genomics and their impacts on biological research. We are able to publish large datasets and extensive results, frequently associated with genomic and post-genomic technologies, which are not readily accommodated in traditional journals. Manuscripts addressing broader issues, for example economics, social sciences and global climate change in relation to parasites, vectors and disease control, are also welcomed.
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