Psychosocial stress in families of young children after the pandemic: no time to rest.

Background: During the pandemic, parenting stress and mental health challenges for both parents and children have increased. However, the lasting repercussions for families remain largely unexplored. Additionally, young families currently face stressors such as economic inflation, the Russia-Ukraine War, and the climate crisis, whose impacts on families are not yet understood. The primary aim of the study is therefore to evaluate parenting stress as well as child and parent mental health problems in the postpandemic era. Additionally, the study seeks to identify potential predictors of parenting stress and mental health issues in parents.

Methods: From February 2023 to March 2024, we conducted a digital cross-sectional study involving families (N = 17,333) with children aged 0-9 years in Bavaria (Southern Germany) to examine parenting stress and mental health issues among both parents and children in light of current societal challenges. Validated questionnaires were used to gather data, and potential factors contributing to parenting stress were investigated.

Results: We found that 53.7% of parents scored above the cut-off value, indicating that they experienced moderate to high levels of parenting stress. Additionally, 13.5% showed signs of anxiety symptoms, while 14.6% exhibited indications of depression according to cut-off values. Additionally, 34.9% of the infants (0-24 months) had crying and/or sleeping difficulties, whereas emotional and behavioral problems were observed in 8.7 of the toddlers (2-4 years) and 10.4% of the pre- and primary schoolers (˃ 4 years). Economic inflation was perceived as stressful or very stressful for 59.3% of parents, with radicalization and social division (49.3%), the Russia-Ukraine War (37.9%), and the climate crisis (31.8%) also cited as sources of stress. For 31.6% of families, the lingering effects of the pandemic continued to be a (major) burden. Across all age groups, children's mental health issues and societal challenges were the primary predictors of parenting stress.

Conclusion: Our study underscores that psychosocial stressors for families with children remain pronounced even postpandemic. Moreover, our findings highlight the impact of broader societal trends, such as economic inflation and social division, on family well-being. Addressing these stressors and promoting the mental health of infants while bolstering parental resilience by alleviating parenting stress should be key priorities for healthcare initiatives in the aftermath of COVID-19.