Current Attainments on Nanobiosensors for Diagnosing Atherosclerosis Biomarkers.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease caused by inflammation in the blood vessel wall, which leads to plaque formation in the endothelial lining. Preexisting atherosclerosis contributes to various cardiovascular problems, including myocardial infarction, congestive cardiac failure, arrhythmias, and acute coronary syndrome, all of which are associated with higher postoperative mortality and morbidity. Rupturing of atherosclerosis poses a significant health concern as triggering a heart attack. Therefore, it is essential to identify atherosclerosis early to prevent health complications and their subsequent consequences. Atherosclerosis is typically diagnosed by angiograms, computerized tomography scans and stress tests. Additionally, various biomarkers are released by inflammatory cells in the surrounding tissue and artery walls during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Quantifying these biomarkers can aid in diagnosing and determining the severity of atherosclerosis in relation to cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on the recent advancements in understanding the formation of atherosclerosis and the implementation of biomarkers in nano biosensors.