Melatonin use in the pediatric population: an evolving global concern.

Background: The impact of melatonin on pediatric populations has not yet been widely researched. This narrative review is intended to summarize the current literature regarding the efficacy and safety of melatonin for children and potential pitfalls in its clinical use, in order to assist pediatric practitioners in making evidence-based recommendations that serve the best interests of their patients and families.

Data sources: A literature review of melatonin in the pediatric population was conducted using PubMed search terms: melatonin, pediatrics, child/adolescent.

Results: Melatonin use in the pediatric population world-wide has increased significantly over the past several decades. While a number of studies, largely in children with neurodevelopmental disorders with insomnia, have suggested that melatonin is generally safe and well-tolerated, a similar body of evidence is overall lacking for typically developing children and prospective studies regarding long-term adverse events are lacking. In addition, recent studies have raised concerns regarding the variable content of melatonin in over-the-counter products, as well as safety issues relating to accidental ingestions.

Conclusions: Due to a number of concerns regarding inappropriate use, lack of efficacy and safety data across pediatric populations and variability in actual content, melatonin should be used with caution in children and only under medical supervision.