James M Lai, Katherine Krishna, Brandon Chou, Justin Chen, Kyle Rowley, Juan Carlos Navia, Heather Durkee, Mariela C Aguilar, Katrina Llanes, Noel Ziebarth, Jaime D Martinez, Darlene Miller, Harry W Flynn, Guillermo Amescua, Jean-Marie Parel
{"title":"光动力抗菌剂在离体人眼中的替代光敏剂渗透深度评价。","authors":"James M Lai, Katherine Krishna, Brandon Chou, Justin Chen, Kyle Rowley, Juan Carlos Navia, Heather Durkee, Mariela C Aguilar, Katrina Llanes, Noel Ziebarth, Jaime D Martinez, Darlene Miller, Harry W Flynn, Guillermo Amescua, Jean-Marie Parel","doi":"10.1080/20415990.2025.2491293","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Fungal keratitis has a poor prognosis given deep penetration into the corneal stroma. While Rose Bengal photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (RB-PDAT) is a promising adjunct treatment for refractory cases, poor penetration limits its effectiveness. This study explores the penetration depth of alternative photosensitizers to address this issue.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-five human corneas were soaked for 30 minutes in 0.0075% solution of Rose Bengal disodium (<i>n</i> = 5), Rose Bengal lactone (<i>n</i> = 5), Erythrosin B disodium (<i>n</i> = 5), Erythrosin B lactone (<i>n</i> = 5), Eosin Y disodium (<i>n</i> = 5), Methylene blue (<i>n</i> = 5), or NaCl (control, <i>n</i> = 5). Confocal microscopy was used to assess penetration depth.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All photosensitizers penetrated greater into the cornea as compared to control. There was no significant difference in penetration between Rose Bengal lactone and Rose Bengal disodium (RB lactone: 106 ± 11 <b>µm</b> vs RB disodium: 99 ± 13 <b>µm</b>, <i>p</i> > 0.05). The penetration depths of the alternative photosensitizers was significantly greater than either Rose Bengal formulation (Erythrosin Blactone: 192 ± 31 <b>µm</b>, Erythrosin B disodium: 163 ± 13 <b>µm</b>, Eosin Y disodium: 249 ± 31 <b>µm</b>, Methylene Blue: 355 ± 151 <b>µm)</b>.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Alternative photosensitizers exhibit superior penetration compared to Rose Bengal. However, antimicrobial efficacy and corneal safety require more robust evaluation before clinical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":22959,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic delivery","volume":" ","pages":"519-526"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12140472/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Alternative photosensitizer penetration depth evaluation in ex vivo human eyes for photodynamic antimicrobial therapy.\",\"authors\":\"James M Lai, Katherine Krishna, Brandon Chou, Justin Chen, Kyle Rowley, Juan Carlos Navia, Heather Durkee, Mariela C Aguilar, Katrina Llanes, Noel Ziebarth, Jaime D Martinez, Darlene Miller, Harry W Flynn, Guillermo Amescua, Jean-Marie Parel\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/20415990.2025.2491293\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Fungal keratitis has a poor prognosis given deep penetration into the corneal stroma. While Rose Bengal photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (RB-PDAT) is a promising adjunct treatment for refractory cases, poor penetration limits its effectiveness. This study explores the penetration depth of alternative photosensitizers to address this issue.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-five human corneas were soaked for 30 minutes in 0.0075% solution of Rose Bengal disodium (<i>n</i> = 5), Rose Bengal lactone (<i>n</i> = 5), Erythrosin B disodium (<i>n</i> = 5), Erythrosin B lactone (<i>n</i> = 5), Eosin Y disodium (<i>n</i> = 5), Methylene blue (<i>n</i> = 5), or NaCl (control, <i>n</i> = 5). Confocal microscopy was used to assess penetration depth.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All photosensitizers penetrated greater into the cornea as compared to control. There was no significant difference in penetration between Rose Bengal lactone and Rose Bengal disodium (RB lactone: 106 ± 11 <b>µm</b> vs RB disodium: 99 ± 13 <b>µm</b>, <i>p</i> > 0.05). The penetration depths of the alternative photosensitizers was significantly greater than either Rose Bengal formulation (Erythrosin Blactone: 192 ± 31 <b>µm</b>, Erythrosin B disodium: 163 ± 13 <b>µm</b>, Eosin Y disodium: 249 ± 31 <b>µm</b>, Methylene Blue: 355 ± 151 <b>µm)</b>.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Alternative photosensitizers exhibit superior penetration compared to Rose Bengal. However, antimicrobial efficacy and corneal safety require more robust evaluation before clinical use.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":22959,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Therapeutic delivery\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"519-526\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.2000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-06-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12140472/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Therapeutic delivery\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/20415990.2025.2491293\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2025/4/16 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"Epub\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Therapeutic delivery","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20415990.2025.2491293","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/4/16 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Alternative photosensitizer penetration depth evaluation in ex vivo human eyes for photodynamic antimicrobial therapy.
Purpose: Fungal keratitis has a poor prognosis given deep penetration into the corneal stroma. While Rose Bengal photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (RB-PDAT) is a promising adjunct treatment for refractory cases, poor penetration limits its effectiveness. This study explores the penetration depth of alternative photosensitizers to address this issue.
Methods: Thirty-five human corneas were soaked for 30 minutes in 0.0075% solution of Rose Bengal disodium (n = 5), Rose Bengal lactone (n = 5), Erythrosin B disodium (n = 5), Erythrosin B lactone (n = 5), Eosin Y disodium (n = 5), Methylene blue (n = 5), or NaCl (control, n = 5). Confocal microscopy was used to assess penetration depth.
Results: All photosensitizers penetrated greater into the cornea as compared to control. There was no significant difference in penetration between Rose Bengal lactone and Rose Bengal disodium (RB lactone: 106 ± 11 µm vs RB disodium: 99 ± 13 µm, p > 0.05). The penetration depths of the alternative photosensitizers was significantly greater than either Rose Bengal formulation (Erythrosin Blactone: 192 ± 31 µm, Erythrosin B disodium: 163 ± 13 µm, Eosin Y disodium: 249 ± 31 µm, Methylene Blue: 355 ± 151 µm).
Conclusions: Alternative photosensitizers exhibit superior penetration compared to Rose Bengal. However, antimicrobial efficacy and corneal safety require more robust evaluation before clinical use.
期刊介绍：
Delivering therapeutics in a way that is right for the patient - safe, painless, reliable, targeted, efficient and cost effective - is the fundamental aim of scientists working in this area. Correspondingly, this evolving field has already yielded a diversity of delivery methods, including injectors, controlled release formulations, drug eluting implants and transdermal patches. Rapid technological advances and the desire to improve the efficacy and safety profile of existing medications by specific targeting to the site of action, combined with the drive to improve patient compliance, continue to fuel rapid research progress. Furthermore, the emergence of cell-based therapeutics and biopharmaceuticals such as proteins, peptides and nucleotides presents scientists with new and exciting challenges for the application of therapeutic delivery science and technology. Successful delivery strategies increasingly rely upon collaboration across a diversity of fields, including biology, chemistry, pharmacology, nanotechnology, physiology, materials science and engineering. Therapeutic Delivery recognizes the importance of this diverse research platform and encourages the publication of articles that reflect the highly interdisciplinary nature of the field. In a highly competitive industry, Therapeutic Delivery provides the busy researcher with a forum for the rapid publication of original research and critical reviews of all the latest relevant and significant developments, and focuses on how the technological, pharmacological, clinical and physiological aspects come together to successfully deliver modern therapeutics to patients. The journal delivers this essential information in concise, at-a-glance article formats that are readily accessible to the full spectrum of therapeutic delivery researchers.
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