Jonathan David, Aviva Berkovich-Ohana, Yair Dor-Ziderman
{"title":"拥抱变化：无常的接受介导了长期死藤水使用者和非使用者之间死亡处理的差异。","authors":"Jonathan David, Aviva Berkovich-Ohana, Yair Dor-Ziderman","doi":"10.1007/s00213-025-06792-0","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Rationale: </strong>The human psyche's interaction with death fundamentally shapes cognition, emotions, and behavior in both individuals and society. Death-related psychological phenomena have been shown to be influenced by psychedelic interventions. However, the literature lacks a comprehensive assessment of death-related processes in non-clinical settings, the mechanisms underlying long-term changes, and particularly the effects of ayahuasca on these dimensions.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This cross-sectional study investigates death processing, potential mechanisms of change, and their predictors in ayahuasca veterans (N = 54) compared to non-users (N = 53).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A battery of questionnaires and behavioral assessments were used to evaluate different aspects of death processing in both ayahuasca veterans and non-users. These assessments measured death fear and anxiety, death-acceptance, death-avoidant behaviors, and the accessibility of death-related thoughts. Mediators tested included personality traits, beliefs about the afterlife, trait mindfulness, and the concept of impermanence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings demonstrated lower levels of death anxiety, avoidant behavior, and fear of death, as well as greater death acceptance in ayahuasca veterans. Mediation analyses revealed that group differences were not due to demographics, personality, trait mindfulness, ontological beliefs, or impermanence awareness, but rather to impermanence acceptance. Finally, within the ayahuasca group, lifetime ego dissolution experiences predicted the degree of impermanence acceptance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings reveal significant, multi-dimensional differences in death processing between ayahuasca and non-psychedelic users. Impermanence acceptance emerged as the key mechanism of change. Additionally, the results highlight the role of acute ayahuasca experiences in producing lasting effects. Future interventions may focus on promoting impermanence acceptance as a strategy for managing existential fear.</p>","PeriodicalId":20783,"journal":{"name":"Psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Embracing change: impermanence acceptance mediates differences in death processing between long-term ayahuasca users and non-users.\",\"authors\":\"Jonathan David, Aviva Berkovich-Ohana, Yair Dor-Ziderman\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00213-025-06792-0\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Rationale: </strong>The human psyche's interaction with death fundamentally shapes cognition, emotions, and behavior in both individuals and society. Death-related psychological phenomena have been shown to be influenced by psychedelic interventions. However, the literature lacks a comprehensive assessment of death-related processes in non-clinical settings, the mechanisms underlying long-term changes, and particularly the effects of ayahuasca on these dimensions.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This cross-sectional study investigates death processing, potential mechanisms of change, and their predictors in ayahuasca veterans (N = 54) compared to non-users (N = 53).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A battery of questionnaires and behavioral assessments were used to evaluate different aspects of death processing in both ayahuasca veterans and non-users. These assessments measured death fear and anxiety, death-acceptance, death-avoidant behaviors, and the accessibility of death-related thoughts. Mediators tested included personality traits, beliefs about the afterlife, trait mindfulness, and the concept of impermanence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings demonstrated lower levels of death anxiety, avoidant behavior, and fear of death, as well as greater death acceptance in ayahuasca veterans. Mediation analyses revealed that group differences were not due to demographics, personality, trait mindfulness, ontological beliefs, or impermanence awareness, but rather to impermanence acceptance. Finally, within the ayahuasca group, lifetime ego dissolution experiences predicted the degree of impermanence acceptance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings reveal significant, multi-dimensional differences in death processing between ayahuasca and non-psychedelic users. Impermanence acceptance emerged as the key mechanism of change. Additionally, the results highlight the role of acute ayahuasca experiences in producing lasting effects. 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Embracing change: impermanence acceptance mediates differences in death processing between long-term ayahuasca users and non-users.
Rationale: The human psyche's interaction with death fundamentally shapes cognition, emotions, and behavior in both individuals and society. Death-related psychological phenomena have been shown to be influenced by psychedelic interventions. However, the literature lacks a comprehensive assessment of death-related processes in non-clinical settings, the mechanisms underlying long-term changes, and particularly the effects of ayahuasca on these dimensions.
Objectives: This cross-sectional study investigates death processing, potential mechanisms of change, and their predictors in ayahuasca veterans (N = 54) compared to non-users (N = 53).
Methods: A battery of questionnaires and behavioral assessments were used to evaluate different aspects of death processing in both ayahuasca veterans and non-users. These assessments measured death fear and anxiety, death-acceptance, death-avoidant behaviors, and the accessibility of death-related thoughts. Mediators tested included personality traits, beliefs about the afterlife, trait mindfulness, and the concept of impermanence.
Results: The findings demonstrated lower levels of death anxiety, avoidant behavior, and fear of death, as well as greater death acceptance in ayahuasca veterans. Mediation analyses revealed that group differences were not due to demographics, personality, trait mindfulness, ontological beliefs, or impermanence awareness, but rather to impermanence acceptance. Finally, within the ayahuasca group, lifetime ego dissolution experiences predicted the degree of impermanence acceptance.
Conclusions: These findings reveal significant, multi-dimensional differences in death processing between ayahuasca and non-psychedelic users. Impermanence acceptance emerged as the key mechanism of change. Additionally, the results highlight the role of acute ayahuasca experiences in producing lasting effects. Future interventions may focus on promoting impermanence acceptance as a strategy for managing existential fear.
期刊介绍：
Official Journal of the European Behavioural Pharmacology Society (EBPS)
Psychopharmacology is an international journal that covers the broad topic of elucidating mechanisms by which drugs affect behavior. The scope of the journal encompasses the following fields:
Human Psychopharmacology: Experimental
This section includes manuscripts describing the effects of drugs on mood, behavior, cognition and physiology in humans. The journal encourages submissions that involve brain imaging, genetics, neuroendocrinology, and developmental topics. Usually manuscripts in this section describe studies conducted under controlled conditions, but occasionally descriptive or observational studies are also considered.
Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Translational
This section comprises studies addressing the broad intersection of drugs and psychiatric illness. This includes not only clinical trials and studies of drug usage and metabolism, drug surveillance, and pharmacoepidemiology, but also work utilizing the entire range of clinically relevant methodologies, including neuroimaging, pharmacogenetics, cognitive science, biomarkers, and others. Work directed toward the translation of preclinical to clinical knowledge is especially encouraged. The key feature of submissions to this section is that they involve a focus on clinical aspects.
Preclinical psychopharmacology: Behavioral and Neural
This section considers reports on the effects of compounds with defined chemical structures on any aspect of behavior, in particular when correlated with neurochemical effects, in species other than humans. Manuscripts containing neuroscientific techniques in combination with behavior are welcome. We encourage reports of studies that provide insight into the mechanisms of drug action, at the behavioral and molecular levels.
Preclinical Psychopharmacology: Translational
This section considers manuscripts that enhance the confidence in a central mechanism that could be of therapeutic value for psychiatric or neurological patients, using disease-relevant preclinical models and tests, or that report on preclinical manipulations and challenges that have the potential to be translated to the clinic. Studies aiming at the refinement of preclinical models based upon clinical findings (back-translation) will also be considered. The journal particularly encourages submissions that integrate measures of target tissue exposure, activity on the molecular target and/or modulation of the targeted biochemical pathways.
Preclinical Psychopharmacology: Molecular, Genetic and Epigenetic
This section focuses on the molecular and cellular actions of neuropharmacological agents / drugs, and the identification / validation of drug targets affecting the CNS in health and disease. We particularly encourage studies that provide insight into the mechanisms of drug action at the molecular level. Manuscripts containing evidence for genetic or epigenetic effects on neurochemistry or behavior are welcome.
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