{"title":"真核生物rna引导的程序化DNA消除的功能和机制。","authors":"Bozhidar-Adrian Stefanov, Mariusz Nowacki","doi":"10.1042/BST20253006","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many eukaryotic organisms, from ciliates to mammals, employ programmed DNA elimination during their postmeiotic reproduction. The process removes specific regions from the somatic DNA and has broad functions, including the irreversible silencing of genes, sex determination, and genome protection from transposable elements or integrating viruses. Multiple mechanisms have evolved that explain the sequence selectivity of the process. In some cases, the eliminated sequences lack centromeres and are flanked by conserved sequence motifs that are specifically recognized and cleaved by designated nucleases. Upon cleavage, all DNA fragments that lack centromeres are lost during the following mitosis. Alternatively, specific sequences can be destined for elimination by complementary small RNAs (sRNAs) as in some ciliates. These sRNAs enable a PIWI-mediated recruitment of chromatin remodelers, followed up by the precise positioning of a cleavage complex formed from a transposase like PiggyBac or Tc1. Here, we review the known molecular interplay of the cellular machinery that is involved in precise sRNA-guided DNA excision, and additionally, we highlight prominent knowledge gaps. We focus on the modes through which sRNAs enable the precise localization of the cleavage complex, and how the nuclease activity is controlled to prevent off-target cleavage. A mechanistic understanding of this process could enable the development of novel eukaryotic genome editing tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":8841,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Society transactions","volume":"53 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Functions and mechanisms of eukaryotic RNA-guided programmed DNA elimination.\",\"authors\":\"Bozhidar-Adrian Stefanov, Mariusz Nowacki\",\"doi\":\"10.1042/BST20253006\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p>Many eukaryotic organisms, from ciliates to mammals, employ programmed DNA elimination during their postmeiotic reproduction. The process removes specific regions from the somatic DNA and has broad functions, including the irreversible silencing of genes, sex determination, and genome protection from transposable elements or integrating viruses. Multiple mechanisms have evolved that explain the sequence selectivity of the process. In some cases, the eliminated sequences lack centromeres and are flanked by conserved sequence motifs that are specifically recognized and cleaved by designated nucleases. Upon cleavage, all DNA fragments that lack centromeres are lost during the following mitosis. Alternatively, specific sequences can be destined for elimination by complementary small RNAs (sRNAs) as in some ciliates. These sRNAs enable a PIWI-mediated recruitment of chromatin remodelers, followed up by the precise positioning of a cleavage complex formed from a transposase like PiggyBac or Tc1. Here, we review the known molecular interplay of the cellular machinery that is involved in precise sRNA-guided DNA excision, and additionally, we highlight prominent knowledge gaps. We focus on the modes through which sRNAs enable the precise localization of the cleavage complex, and how the nuclease activity is controlled to prevent off-target cleavage. A mechanistic understanding of this process could enable the development of novel eukaryotic genome editing tools.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":8841,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Biochemical Society transactions\",\"volume\":\"53 2\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.8000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-04-29\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Biochemical Society transactions\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"99\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20253006\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"生物学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Biochemical Society transactions","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20253006","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Functions and mechanisms of eukaryotic RNA-guided programmed DNA elimination.
Many eukaryotic organisms, from ciliates to mammals, employ programmed DNA elimination during their postmeiotic reproduction. The process removes specific regions from the somatic DNA and has broad functions, including the irreversible silencing of genes, sex determination, and genome protection from transposable elements or integrating viruses. Multiple mechanisms have evolved that explain the sequence selectivity of the process. In some cases, the eliminated sequences lack centromeres and are flanked by conserved sequence motifs that are specifically recognized and cleaved by designated nucleases. Upon cleavage, all DNA fragments that lack centromeres are lost during the following mitosis. Alternatively, specific sequences can be destined for elimination by complementary small RNAs (sRNAs) as in some ciliates. These sRNAs enable a PIWI-mediated recruitment of chromatin remodelers, followed up by the precise positioning of a cleavage complex formed from a transposase like PiggyBac or Tc1. Here, we review the known molecular interplay of the cellular machinery that is involved in precise sRNA-guided DNA excision, and additionally, we highlight prominent knowledge gaps. We focus on the modes through which sRNAs enable the precise localization of the cleavage complex, and how the nuclease activity is controlled to prevent off-target cleavage. A mechanistic understanding of this process could enable the development of novel eukaryotic genome editing tools.
期刊介绍:
Biochemical Society Transactions is the reviews journal of the Biochemical Society. Publishing concise reviews written by experts in the field, providing a timely snapshot of the latest developments across all areas of the molecular and cellular biosciences.
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