Evolving dynamics of municipal solid waste management in India: a comprehensive review of status, challenges, opportunities and policy innovations

India’s rapid urbanization, population growth, and industrial expansion have intensified the challenges of solid waste management (SWM), making it a critical issue requiring urgent action. This paper examines the key challenges, trends, and opportunities in SWM, focusing on waste generation patterns, collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal methods in India. The major challenges identified include inefficient waste segregation, poor disposal practices, societal attitudes, and the unorganized informal sector. These problems, compounded by institutional weaknesses, inadequate funding, and slow adoption of technology, worsen the waste management crisis. Proper management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is essential for public health, environmental protection, and the achievement of sustainable development goals. This paper emphasizes the need for alternative waste management techniques, as nearly 90% of MSW is improperly disposed of in open dumps and landfills, posing significant risks to health and the environment. By forecasting future urbanization trends and their impact on waste generation, this paper evaluates effective treatment technologies for MSW in India. This study concludes with actionable recommendations and a unified framework, supported by data and case studies tailored to India’s socio-economic context, and aims at improving SWM practices and promoting long-term sustainability.

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