Anodizing in H2SO4/NH4F mixture for superhydrophobic surfaces with anti-icing, wear-resistant, and self-cleaning properties

The superhydrophobic micro/nano TiO₂ surface was successfully fabricated on a titanium plate through the processes of anodic oxidation and stearic acid modification. By precisely adjusting the parameters of anodic oxidation voltage and time, various structures such as nanopores, protrusions, and flower-like structures can be effectively engineered on the surface of TiO₂. Furthermore, the impact of oxidation voltage and time on the CA and SA of the TiO₂ surface was investigated. The findings demonstrate that both voltage and time exert a significant influence on the CA and SA, with a maximum value reaching ∼161.5° and a SA approaching 0°. Importantly, even after prolonged oxidation for 810 min at 50 V, the CA remains at ∼154.6°. The TiO₂ surface remains in a frozen state at extremely low temperatures (as low as −16 °C) for a specific duration, and upon exposure to room temperature, it successfully restores its superhydrophobic properties. Additionally, it exhibits excellent resistance against icing formation while demonstrating remarkably low adhesion and highly effective self-cleaning capabilities, and superior wear resistance.