The route for applied interfacial solar vapor generation: fundamental principles, device design, and practical application

Interfacial solar vapor generation (ISVG) has emerged as a promising technology for sustainable water purification, desalination, and source extraction under solar energy. In fact, the underlying scientific principles and fundamental physical processes governing ISVG remain inadequately understood. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive and in-depth exploration of the scientific mechanisms and physical principles behind ISVG technology, including strategies to optimize mass and energy transfer, vapor generation and diffusion, as well as anti-fouling techniques. Furthermore, we systematically summarize the advancements and engineering applications of ISVG technologies, offering practical guidelines for their implementation in real-world scenarios. This review seeks to bridge the gap between fundamental science and engineering practice, providing insights to accelerate the development of efficient and scalable ISVG systems.