How emissions trading system affects liner ship disruption recovery

This study addresses the liner ship disruption recovery problem considering the emissions trading system, aiming to minimize the total cost of disruption recovery plans while ensuring compliance with CO₂ emission regulations. A mixed-integer programming model is constructed, integrating three operational-level recovery actions and tactical-level multiple time windows cooperation agreements, and a customized decomposition-based hybrid heuristic algorithm is developed to resolve the model efficiently. Extensive computational experiments are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the model and algorithm. The results show that different recovery actions should be selected based on the degree of delay, increasing the ratio and price of carbon emissions allowance can reduce carbon emissions but to a limited extent, and improving container handling speed also helps reduce costs and emissions. The managerial insights derived provide practical decision-making references for liner carriers to address disruptions and environmental regulatory challenges.