Hope A. de Avila, Emma N. Macon, Karen L. Launchbaugh
{"title":"建立牛隔离区的效果的视觉和听觉线索的比较","authors":"Hope A. de Avila, Emma N. Macon, Karen L. Launchbaugh","doi":"10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105715","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Virtual fence relies on an animal’s ability to associate a cue with a pending electric stimulus that is delivered if the animal does not retreat from the boundary. The effectiveness of these cues as a warning signal dictates the strength of the virtual boundary. Current virtual fence systems apply audio cues as warning signals because they are easy to include on a collar, allow for simple movement of boundaries, and do not require physical changes on the ground. However, vision is the dominant sense that most livestock species, including cattle, use to navigate through their environment. Previous research and our own preliminary data suggest that cattle interact differently with visual than audio cues in a virtual fence system. To compare visual vs audio cues and any combination effect from using both cues, 16 steers were tested in a Y-maze with a virtual boundary creating an exclusion zone in one of the arms. We found that animals with visual cues outperformed their audio counterparts, showing a higher proportion of exclusion zone avoidance and demonstrating that avoidance more quickly (<em>p</em> < 0.05). At the small spatial scale of this study, no difference was observed between visual cues alone and the combination with audio cues (<em>p</em> = 1.0). These results suggest that visual cues may be important for virtual fence applications where training opportunities are limited or when high containment requirements are necessary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18152,"journal":{"name":"Livestock Science","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 105715"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Comparison of visual and audio cues in the efficacy of creating exclusion zones for cattle\",\"authors\":\"Hope A. de Avila, Emma N. Macon, Karen L. Launchbaugh\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.livsci.2025.105715\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>Virtual fence relies on an animal’s ability to associate a cue with a pending electric stimulus that is delivered if the animal does not retreat from the boundary. The effectiveness of these cues as a warning signal dictates the strength of the virtual boundary. Current virtual fence systems apply audio cues as warning signals because they are easy to include on a collar, allow for simple movement of boundaries, and do not require physical changes on the ground. However, vision is the dominant sense that most livestock species, including cattle, use to navigate through their environment. Previous research and our own preliminary data suggest that cattle interact differently with visual than audio cues in a virtual fence system. To compare visual vs audio cues and any combination effect from using both cues, 16 steers were tested in a Y-maze with a virtual boundary creating an exclusion zone in one of the arms. We found that animals with visual cues outperformed their audio counterparts, showing a higher proportion of exclusion zone avoidance and demonstrating that avoidance more quickly (<em>p</em> < 0.05). At the small spatial scale of this study, no difference was observed between visual cues alone and the combination with audio cues (<em>p</em> = 1.0). These results suggest that visual cues may be important for virtual fence applications where training opportunities are limited or when high containment requirements are necessary.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":18152,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Livestock Science\",\"volume\":\"296 \",\"pages\":\"Article 105715\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":1.9000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-04-28\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Livestock Science\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"97\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871141325000782\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"农林科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Livestock Science","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871141325000782","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE","Score":null,"Total":0}
Comparison of visual and audio cues in the efficacy of creating exclusion zones for cattle
Virtual fence relies on an animal’s ability to associate a cue with a pending electric stimulus that is delivered if the animal does not retreat from the boundary. The effectiveness of these cues as a warning signal dictates the strength of the virtual boundary. Current virtual fence systems apply audio cues as warning signals because they are easy to include on a collar, allow for simple movement of boundaries, and do not require physical changes on the ground. However, vision is the dominant sense that most livestock species, including cattle, use to navigate through their environment. Previous research and our own preliminary data suggest that cattle interact differently with visual than audio cues in a virtual fence system. To compare visual vs audio cues and any combination effect from using both cues, 16 steers were tested in a Y-maze with a virtual boundary creating an exclusion zone in one of the arms. We found that animals with visual cues outperformed their audio counterparts, showing a higher proportion of exclusion zone avoidance and demonstrating that avoidance more quickly (p < 0.05). At the small spatial scale of this study, no difference was observed between visual cues alone and the combination with audio cues (p = 1.0). These results suggest that visual cues may be important for virtual fence applications where training opportunities are limited or when high containment requirements are necessary.
期刊介绍:
Livestock Science promotes the sound development of the livestock sector by publishing original, peer-reviewed research and review articles covering all aspects of this broad field. The journal welcomes submissions on the avant-garde areas of animal genetics, breeding, growth, reproduction, nutrition, physiology, and behaviour in addition to genetic resources, welfare, ethics, health, management and production systems. The high-quality content of this journal reflects the truly international nature of this broad area of research.