{"title":"增强天然橡胶的保气性：提高性能的途径","authors":"Wichain Chailad, Keardtisak Tongsom, Kantima Chaochanchaikul, Chuntip Sakulkhaemaruethai","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05700-y","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ensuring air retention in natural rubber (NR) is crucial for applications such as tyres, inner tubes, and sealing materials, where minimizing pressure loss enhances performance and durability. However, NR has poor gas barrier properties, necessitating modifications to improve air retention. This study evaluates the effects of three cost-effective industrial fillers—bentonite, calcium carbonate, and carbon black, AUSTIN BLACK A-325 (CB)—on NR permeability and mechanical performance. Unlike prior research focusing on nanofillers or polymer blending, this study investigates large-scale, commercially viable fillers to provide practical solutions for industrial applications. NR composites containing 10–40 phr of each filler were tested for air permeability, tensile strength, tear resistance, and hardness. Air retention was measured using a custom-designed test apparatus, ensuring relevance for real-world applications, while mechanical properties were assessed following ASTM standards. The results indicate that CB is the most effective filler for reducing pressure loss, outperforming bentonite and calcium carbonate. Bentonite at 10 phr exhibited the lowest pressure loss, but its efficiency declined at higher concentrations due to poor dispersion. Calcium carbonate provided moderate and stable improvement, with diminishing effects at higher loadings. CB significantly enhanced tensile strength, peaking at 23.9 MPa at 20 phr, but had little impact on tear strength. Hardness increased with all fillers, with CB reaching 52 Shore A at 40 phr, followed by bentonite (47) and calcium carbonate (46). These findings emphasize filler selection and concentration optimization for balancing air retention and mechanical properties. CB is the most effective reinforcement and gas barrier modifier, making it ideal for industrial applications requiring low air permeability. Future research should explore filler combinations and long-term stability to optimize NR performance further.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 9","pages":"3841 - 3866"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Enhancing air retention in natural rubber: a path to improved performance\",\"authors\":\"Wichain Chailad, Keardtisak Tongsom, Kantima Chaochanchaikul, Chuntip Sakulkhaemaruethai\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00289-025-05700-y\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>Ensuring air retention in natural rubber (NR) is crucial for applications such as tyres, inner tubes, and sealing materials, where minimizing pressure loss enhances performance and durability. However, NR has poor gas barrier properties, necessitating modifications to improve air retention. This study evaluates the effects of three cost-effective industrial fillers—bentonite, calcium carbonate, and carbon black, AUSTIN BLACK A-325 (CB)—on NR permeability and mechanical performance. Unlike prior research focusing on nanofillers or polymer blending, this study investigates large-scale, commercially viable fillers to provide practical solutions for industrial applications. NR composites containing 10–40 phr of each filler were tested for air permeability, tensile strength, tear resistance, and hardness. Air retention was measured using a custom-designed test apparatus, ensuring relevance for real-world applications, while mechanical properties were assessed following ASTM standards. The results indicate that CB is the most effective filler for reducing pressure loss, outperforming bentonite and calcium carbonate. Bentonite at 10 phr exhibited the lowest pressure loss, but its efficiency declined at higher concentrations due to poor dispersion. Calcium carbonate provided moderate and stable improvement, with diminishing effects at higher loadings. CB significantly enhanced tensile strength, peaking at 23.9 MPa at 20 phr, but had little impact on tear strength. Hardness increased with all fillers, with CB reaching 52 Shore A at 40 phr, followed by bentonite (47) and calcium carbonate (46). These findings emphasize filler selection and concentration optimization for balancing air retention and mechanical properties. CB is the most effective reinforcement and gas barrier modifier, making it ideal for industrial applications requiring low air permeability. Future research should explore filler combinations and long-term stability to optimize NR performance further.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":737,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Polymer Bulletin\",\"volume\":\"82 9\",\"pages\":\"3841 - 3866\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.1000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-03-03\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Polymer Bulletin\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"92\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00289-025-05700-y\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"化学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"POLYMER SCIENCE\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Polymer Bulletin","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00289-025-05700-y","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"POLYMER SCIENCE","Score":null,"Total":0}
Enhancing air retention in natural rubber: a path to improved performance
Ensuring air retention in natural rubber (NR) is crucial for applications such as tyres, inner tubes, and sealing materials, where minimizing pressure loss enhances performance and durability. However, NR has poor gas barrier properties, necessitating modifications to improve air retention. This study evaluates the effects of three cost-effective industrial fillers—bentonite, calcium carbonate, and carbon black, AUSTIN BLACK A-325 (CB)—on NR permeability and mechanical performance. Unlike prior research focusing on nanofillers or polymer blending, this study investigates large-scale, commercially viable fillers to provide practical solutions for industrial applications. NR composites containing 10–40 phr of each filler were tested for air permeability, tensile strength, tear resistance, and hardness. Air retention was measured using a custom-designed test apparatus, ensuring relevance for real-world applications, while mechanical properties were assessed following ASTM standards. The results indicate that CB is the most effective filler for reducing pressure loss, outperforming bentonite and calcium carbonate. Bentonite at 10 phr exhibited the lowest pressure loss, but its efficiency declined at higher concentrations due to poor dispersion. Calcium carbonate provided moderate and stable improvement, with diminishing effects at higher loadings. CB significantly enhanced tensile strength, peaking at 23.9 MPa at 20 phr, but had little impact on tear strength. Hardness increased with all fillers, with CB reaching 52 Shore A at 40 phr, followed by bentonite (47) and calcium carbonate (46). These findings emphasize filler selection and concentration optimization for balancing air retention and mechanical properties. CB is the most effective reinforcement and gas barrier modifier, making it ideal for industrial applications requiring low air permeability. Future research should explore filler combinations and long-term stability to optimize NR performance further.
期刊介绍：
"Polymer Bulletin" is a comprehensive academic journal on polymer science founded in 1988. It was founded under the initiative of the late Mr. Wang Baoren, a famous Chinese chemist and educator. This journal is co-sponsored by the Chinese Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences and is supervised by the China Association for Science and Technology. It is a core journal and is publicly distributed at home and abroad.
"Polymer Bulletin" is a monthly magazine with multiple columns, including a project application guide, outlook, review, research papers, highlight reviews, polymer education and teaching, information sharing, interviews, polymer science popularization, etc. The journal is included in the CSCD Chinese Science Citation Database. It serves as the source journal for Chinese scientific and technological paper statistics and the source journal of Peking University's "Overview of Chinese Core Journals."
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