Tailoring Li4Ti5O12 Performance in Li-Ion Batteries with a Focus on Rate Capability: Recent Advances on Ion Doping, Morphology Control, and Composite Formation

To meet the increasing demand for high-performance Li-ion batteries, numerous kinds of anode materials have been recommended to substitute the current industrial carbon materials. Among them, Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ stands out for its high safety, low-strain property, long cycle life, and eco-friendliness. However, Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ suffers from low electronic/ionic conductivities restricting its high-rate performance and consequently hindering its commercial application, especially in electric vehicles with a fast charging demand. For alleviating these obstacles, several tailoring strategies could be used including ion doping, morphology control, composite formation, or their combinations. In this review, we have summarized the latest progress using the above approaches to improve the electrochemical performance of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ anodes, with a focus on rate capability. The literatures reporting the superior rate performance for Li₄Ti₅O₁₂-based batteries were summarized from various aspects including the optimum preparation conditions, morphological/structural findings, and the main electrochemical features. Finally, the research gaps and the future perspective are proposed.