Simultaneously enhancing strength and uniform elongation in titanium through grain boundary engineering to promote deformation twinning

The severely suppressed deformation twinning in a pure titanium was reactivated through grain boundary engineering to construct uniformly distributed unrecrystallized grains with extensive low-angle grain boundaries. Twinning was promoted by coordinated deformation between unrecrystallized and recrystallized grains that generated high-density geometric necessary dislocations and local stress concentrations, thereby simultaneously improving strength, uniform elongation, and strain hardening.