A review on microstructure design, processing, and strengthening mechanism of high-strength titanium alloys

High-strength titanium alloys (HS-TAs), particularly those with an ultimate tensile strength exceeding 1100 ​MPa, play a crucial role in aerospace and other advanced engineering fields. However, faced with the continuously evolving industrial landscape and increasingly complex application environments, research and development of HS-TAs are encountering unprecedented challenges. This paper provides a review of significant research advancements in the field of HS-TAs in recent years, with a special focus on the latest achievements in microstructural design, processing technology, and strengthening mechanisms. Initially, the paper offers an integrated assessment of how alloying and non-alloying elements precisely control the distribution and morphology of α and β phases at the microscale, and their impact on the mechanical properties of titanium alloys. Subsequently, from the perspectives of plastic deformation and microstructure regulation, the paper delves into the contributions of various mechanisms such as solid-solution strengthening, grain boundary strengthening, and precipitation strengthening, to the enhancement of high-strength titanium alloy performance. Additionally, the article compares and analyzes the effects of different heat treatments and mechanical processing techniques on the microstructure and overall performance of HS-TAs. Finally, the paper presents future research directions and potential applications of these alloys in some key areas, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the development of advanced structural materials with high strength and optimized ductility.