Qi Wang , Patrick van Hees , Patrik Karlsson , Enmiao Jiao , Marko Filipovic , Paul K.S. Lam , Leo W.Y. Yeung
{"title":"我们从质量平衡法和氧化转化中学到的东西——以PFAS污染土壤样品为例","authors":"Qi Wang , Patrick van Hees , Patrik Karlsson , Enmiao Jiao , Marko Filipovic , Paul K.S. Lam , Leo W.Y. Yeung","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126420","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large family of synthetic fluorinated chemicals. Studies using multiple analytical approaches to evaluate PFAS-contaminated soils are still limited, potentially leading to an underestimation of PFAS pollution. This study introduced a stepwise analytical workflow for a comprehensive assessment of organofluorine, integrating total fluorine (TF) determination, extractable organofluorine (EOF) analysis, PFAS target analysis, and PFAS precursor oxidative conversion assay. The workflow was applied to ten field soil samples collected from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-contaminated sites. The sum target PFAS concentration (∑PFAS) ranged from 51.8 to 23200 ng/g dry weight. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid was the predominant PFAS, accounting for 13 %–82 % (mean value: 53 %) of the ∑PFAS. Target PFAS accounted for 1 %–80 % of the EOF in the soil samples, and the integration of oxidative conversion revealed additional EOF contributions ranging from 0 % to 31 %. However, a considerable proportion (20 %–94 %) of unknown organofluorine still persists after combining targeted PFAS analysis and oxidative conversion, likely due to non-oxidizable PFAS, incomplete conversion of unknown PFAS precursors, and persistence of ultra-short chain PFAS post oxidative conversion. In addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between oxidative conversion and EOF results, but not with PFAS target analysis, suggesting that oxidative conversion may better represent the organofluorine burden in AFFF-impacted soils. Our findings indicate that TF analysis is unsuitable for tracing PFAS contamination in soils. Instead, combining oxidative conversion with routine PFAS target analysis is recommended to comprehensively assess PFAS contamination in soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"376 ","pages":"Article 126420"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"What we learn from using mass balance approach and oxidative conversion – A case study on PFAS contaminated soil samples\",\"authors\":\"Qi Wang , Patrick van Hees , Patrik Karlsson , Enmiao Jiao , Marko Filipovic , Paul K.S. Lam , Leo W.Y. Yeung\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126420\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large family of synthetic fluorinated chemicals. Studies using multiple analytical approaches to evaluate PFAS-contaminated soils are still limited, potentially leading to an underestimation of PFAS pollution. This study introduced a stepwise analytical workflow for a comprehensive assessment of organofluorine, integrating total fluorine (TF) determination, extractable organofluorine (EOF) analysis, PFAS target analysis, and PFAS precursor oxidative conversion assay. The workflow was applied to ten field soil samples collected from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-contaminated sites. The sum target PFAS concentration (∑PFAS) ranged from 51.8 to 23200 ng/g dry weight. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid was the predominant PFAS, accounting for 13 %–82 % (mean value: 53 %) of the ∑PFAS. Target PFAS accounted for 1 %–80 % of the EOF in the soil samples, and the integration of oxidative conversion revealed additional EOF contributions ranging from 0 % to 31 %. However, a considerable proportion (20 %–94 %) of unknown organofluorine still persists after combining targeted PFAS analysis and oxidative conversion, likely due to non-oxidizable PFAS, incomplete conversion of unknown PFAS precursors, and persistence of ultra-short chain PFAS post oxidative conversion. In addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between oxidative conversion and EOF results, but not with PFAS target analysis, suggesting that oxidative conversion may better represent the organofluorine burden in AFFF-impacted soils. Our findings indicate that TF analysis is unsuitable for tracing PFAS contamination in soils. Instead, combining oxidative conversion with routine PFAS target analysis is recommended to comprehensively assess PFAS contamination in soils.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":311,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Environmental Pollution\",\"volume\":\"376 \",\"pages\":\"Article 126420\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":7.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-05-10\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Environmental Pollution\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749125007936\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Environmental Pollution","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749125007936","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
What we learn from using mass balance approach and oxidative conversion – A case study on PFAS contaminated soil samples
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large family of synthetic fluorinated chemicals. Studies using multiple analytical approaches to evaluate PFAS-contaminated soils are still limited, potentially leading to an underestimation of PFAS pollution. This study introduced a stepwise analytical workflow for a comprehensive assessment of organofluorine, integrating total fluorine (TF) determination, extractable organofluorine (EOF) analysis, PFAS target analysis, and PFAS precursor oxidative conversion assay. The workflow was applied to ten field soil samples collected from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-contaminated sites. The sum target PFAS concentration (∑PFAS) ranged from 51.8 to 23200 ng/g dry weight. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid was the predominant PFAS, accounting for 13 %–82 % (mean value: 53 %) of the ∑PFAS. Target PFAS accounted for 1 %–80 % of the EOF in the soil samples, and the integration of oxidative conversion revealed additional EOF contributions ranging from 0 % to 31 %. However, a considerable proportion (20 %–94 %) of unknown organofluorine still persists after combining targeted PFAS analysis and oxidative conversion, likely due to non-oxidizable PFAS, incomplete conversion of unknown PFAS precursors, and persistence of ultra-short chain PFAS post oxidative conversion. In addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between oxidative conversion and EOF results, but not with PFAS target analysis, suggesting that oxidative conversion may better represent the organofluorine burden in AFFF-impacted soils. Our findings indicate that TF analysis is unsuitable for tracing PFAS contamination in soils. Instead, combining oxidative conversion with routine PFAS target analysis is recommended to comprehensively assess PFAS contamination in soils.
期刊介绍:
Environmental Pollution is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes high-quality research papers and review articles covering all aspects of environmental pollution and its impacts on ecosystems and human health.
Subject areas include, but are not limited to:
• Sources and occurrences of pollutants that are clearly defined and measured in environmental compartments, food and food-related items, and human bodies;
• Interlinks between contaminant exposure and biological, ecological, and human health effects, including those of climate change;
• Contaminants of emerging concerns (including but not limited to antibiotic resistant microorganisms or genes, microplastics/nanoplastics, electronic wastes, light, and noise) and/or their biological, ecological, or human health effects;
• Laboratory and field studies on the remediation/mitigation of environmental pollution via new techniques and with clear links to biological, ecological, or human health effects;
• Modeling of pollution processes, patterns, or trends that is of clear environmental and/or human health interest;
• New techniques that measure and examine environmental occurrences, transport, behavior, and effects of pollutants within the environment or the laboratory, provided that they can be clearly used to address problems within regional or global environmental compartments.