State-of-the-art review of degradation mechanisms of commercial lithium-ion batteries

The widespread application of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) in consumer electronics to large-scale transport and energy storage underscores the necessity of understanding commercial battery degradation mechanisms. While studies have been primarily focused on enhancing safety, lifecycle, and power output, the fundamental processes and degradation mechanisms remain obscure. LiBs experience complex and multi-coupled degradation, especially in commercial applications like electric vehicles, where rapid detection and clear understanding of aging mechanisms are critical. The growing literature on this topic necessitates a comprehensive summary of the latest insights. Here, we address commercial LiB degradation, highlighting recent progress in identifying causes and mitigation strategies. Mechanisms responsible for commercial LiB degradation are classified into five distinct categories, each illustrating their mutual interactions and the constraints imposed by current technological advancements. This review provides an in-depth summary of current knowledge to foster a deeper understanding of degradation mechanisms.