Applications, life cycle assessment, and circular economy of bamboo torrefaction for sustainability: A state-of-the-art review

This review comprehensively explores the characteristics and applications of torrefied bamboo. Bamboo has a high volatile matter (VM) content (73.9–93.0 %), which results in substantial liquid byproducts during torrefaction. The higher heating value (HHV) of biochar produced from wet torrefaction (WT) is greater than that made from dry torrefaction (DT). When the torrefaction severity factor is 8.7, the bamboo hydrochar’s HHV from WT can achieve 29.3 MJ⋅kg⁻¹, whereas bamboo biochar from DT only have 23.3 MJ⋅kg⁻¹. Bamboo vinegar and tar, byproducts from bamboo torrefaction, are effective biopesticides and have diverse applications, including polyurethane coatings and insecticides. Life cycle assessments reveal that bamboo-based building materials can reduce carbon footprints by 46.2 % to 87.6 % compared to traditional construction materials. Furthermore, bamboo materials are highly beneficial for the circular economy and environmental sustainability. In summary, bamboo biochar’s applications are extensive, and its derived products are commercially competitive and environmentally friendly.