Emerging porous supporting materials for form-stable organic phase change materials

This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in porous supporting materials for the fabrication of organic shape-stabilized phase change materials (FS-PCMs). Initially, we discuss various porous supports, including carbon-based three-dimensional structures (carbon-based 3D materials), metal foams, porous ceramics, porous organic polymers (POPs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and aerogels. Subsequently, conventional synthesis strategies, such as wet impregnation and two-step methods, are examined alongside emerging fabrication techniques like electrospinning and 3D printing. Additionally, we examine diverse organic PCMs, including paraffins, fatty acids, sugar alcohols, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and bio-based alternatives. Given the substantial potential of organic FS-PCMs in achieving high energy storage capacity, enhanced thermal conductivity, and long-term stability, we systematically review their thermal properties and versatile applications in energy conversion and storage, building energy efficiency, thermal management, smart textiles, and cold chain logistics. Finally, critical challenges and future research directions are outlined to guide further developments in this field.