Efficacy and Morbidity of Heparin Infusion in Salvaging Autologous Breast Reconstruction Free Flaps

Background

Abdominal-based free flaps are the mainstay in autologous breast reconstruction. Their safety and consistency in outcomes are well-documented. When flap compromise occurs, operative salvage is the gold standard. However, when—and if—to place these patients on heparin infusions is unclear. The goal of this study was to investigate abdominal-based free flap compromise and compare outcomes with and without heparin infusion.

Materials and Methods

This was a single-institution, multiple-surgeon, retrospective chart review of patients undergoing autologous, abdominal-based free flap breast reconstruction who experienced anastomotic compromise within a 6-year period. Treatment and outcomes data collected include flap salvage, hematoma, seroma, surgical site infection (SSI), transfusion requirement, and length of hospital stay.

Results

Fifty-one flaps had evidence of compromise. A total of 31 (60.8%) patients were placed on heparin infusions after experiencing anastomotic compromise, compared to 20 who did not receive heparin infusion. Thirty-five patients (68.6%) underwent deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps. Twenty-six patients (51%) experienced venous congestion, 22 patients (43.1%) experienced arterial compromise, and three (5.9%) experienced both. Twenty-eight patients (54.9%) received tissue plasminogen activator; in the heparin infusion group, 21 patients (67.7%) received tissue plasminogen activator. The total salvage rate of compromised flaps was 94.1% (48/51). There was no significant difference between heparin infusion and standard cares in length of hospital stay, length of drains in-place, successful salvage (93.5% vs. 95%), hematoma (19.4% vs. 15%), fat necrosis, SSI, hospital readmission (19.4% vs. 15%), and return rates to the operating room (48.4% vs. 50%). However, there was a significantly higher transfusion rate in patients receiving heparin infusion (38.7% vs. 10%). Of the 25 flaps with evidence of thrombosis, 72% were placed on heparin infusions while 28% were not; there was no significant difference in salvage rate in this sub-group.

Conclusions

This review of autologous breast reconstruction free flap compromise provides evidence of similar safety profiles, with similar salvage rates, when comparing salvage with and without heparin infusion; there is a higher transfusion requirement when treating with heparin infusion.