Jiaming Ji, Jinyan Guo, Jirong Yang, Siyang Zeng, Xue Han, Ziqing Hei, Weifeng Yao, Chaojin Chen
{"title":"电休克治疗抑郁症的微生物-肠-脑轴调节机制","authors":"Jiaming Ji, Jinyan Guo, Jirong Yang, Siyang Zeng, Xue Han, Ziqing Hei, Weifeng Yao, Chaojin Chen","doi":"10.1007/s44254-025-00103-8","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The present study aims to evaluate the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on depressive behaviors. In addition, we explore mechanisms by which ECT alters the composition and functioning of gut microbiota through the microbiota-gut-brain axis.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>A depression model in mice was established using chronic unpredictable mild stress. The mice were divided into three groups: control, depression, and ECT-treated. Depressive behaviors were assessed through a series of behavioral tests, including monitoring body weight, open field tests, sucrose preference and forced swim tests. Histological and microcirculatory assessments of brain and gut tissues were conducted using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Nissl staining and immunofluorescence methodology along with laser speckle contrast imaging. In addition, the inflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor-<i>α</i> (TNF-<i>α</i>), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-1<i>β</i> (IL-1<i>β</i>) were quantified in gut tissues using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Metagenomic sequencing was employed to evaluate the diversity and abundance of the gut microbiota.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>ECT significantly improved depressive behaviors in mice as evidenced by increased body weight and decreased immobility time in the forced swim tests. H&E staining indicated a substantial reduction in gut inflammation while Nissl staining revealed a restoration of neuronal morphology following ECT treatment. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis showed elevated c-Fos expression in the hippocampal region (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Assessments of inflammatory cytokines demonstrated significant reductions in TNF-<i>α</i>, IL-6, and IL-1<i>β</i> levels in the ECT group. In addition, metagenomic sequencing showed that ECT enhanced gut microbiota diversity, particularly restoring the abundance of Bacteroides and Verrucomicrobia (<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>ECT exerts its antidepressant effects by modulating gut microbiota and enhancing the functionality of the gut-brain axis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100082,"journal":{"name":"Anesthesiology and Perioperative Science","volume":"3 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44254-025-00103-8.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Mechanisms of microbial-gut-brain axis modulation by electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of depression\",\"authors\":\"Jiaming Ji, Jinyan Guo, Jirong Yang, Siyang Zeng, Xue Han, Ziqing Hei, Weifeng Yao, Chaojin Chen\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s44254-025-00103-8\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The present study aims to evaluate the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on depressive behaviors. In addition, we explore mechanisms by which ECT alters the composition and functioning of gut microbiota through the microbiota-gut-brain axis.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>A depression model in mice was established using chronic unpredictable mild stress. The mice were divided into three groups: control, depression, and ECT-treated. Depressive behaviors were assessed through a series of behavioral tests, including monitoring body weight, open field tests, sucrose preference and forced swim tests. Histological and microcirculatory assessments of brain and gut tissues were conducted using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Nissl staining and immunofluorescence methodology along with laser speckle contrast imaging. In addition, the inflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor-<i>α</i> (TNF-<i>α</i>), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-1<i>β</i> (IL-1<i>β</i>) were quantified in gut tissues using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Metagenomic sequencing was employed to evaluate the diversity and abundance of the gut microbiota.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>ECT significantly improved depressive behaviors in mice as evidenced by increased body weight and decreased immobility time in the forced swim tests. H&E staining indicated a substantial reduction in gut inflammation while Nissl staining revealed a restoration of neuronal morphology following ECT treatment. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis showed elevated c-Fos expression in the hippocampal region (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Assessments of inflammatory cytokines demonstrated significant reductions in TNF-<i>α</i>, IL-6, and IL-1<i>β</i> levels in the ECT group. In addition, metagenomic sequencing showed that ECT enhanced gut microbiota diversity, particularly restoring the abundance of Bacteroides and Verrucomicrobia (<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>ECT exerts its antidepressant effects by modulating gut microbiota and enhancing the functionality of the gut-brain axis.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":100082,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Anesthesiology and Perioperative Science\",\"volume\":\"3 2\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-05-07\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44254-025-00103-8.pdf\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Anesthesiology and Perioperative Science\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44254-025-00103-8\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Anesthesiology and Perioperative Science","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44254-025-00103-8","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
Mechanisms of microbial-gut-brain axis modulation by electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of depression
Purpose
The present study aims to evaluate the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on depressive behaviors. In addition, we explore mechanisms by which ECT alters the composition and functioning of gut microbiota through the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
Methods
A depression model in mice was established using chronic unpredictable mild stress. The mice were divided into three groups: control, depression, and ECT-treated. Depressive behaviors were assessed through a series of behavioral tests, including monitoring body weight, open field tests, sucrose preference and forced swim tests. Histological and microcirculatory assessments of brain and gut tissues were conducted using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Nissl staining and immunofluorescence methodology along with laser speckle contrast imaging. In addition, the inflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were quantified in gut tissues using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Metagenomic sequencing was employed to evaluate the diversity and abundance of the gut microbiota.
Results
ECT significantly improved depressive behaviors in mice as evidenced by increased body weight and decreased immobility time in the forced swim tests. H&E staining indicated a substantial reduction in gut inflammation while Nissl staining revealed a restoration of neuronal morphology following ECT treatment. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis showed elevated c-Fos expression in the hippocampal region (P < 0.05). Assessments of inflammatory cytokines demonstrated significant reductions in TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels in the ECT group. In addition, metagenomic sequencing showed that ECT enhanced gut microbiota diversity, particularly restoring the abundance of Bacteroides and Verrucomicrobia (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
ECT exerts its antidepressant effects by modulating gut microbiota and enhancing the functionality of the gut-brain axis.
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