A dual time-scale optimal dispatch algorithm for PV systems: Integrating centralized optimal power dispatch with distributed power deviation absorption in DC smart grids

The integration of Photovoltaic (PV) systems into DC smart grids faces challenges due to solar power’s inherent unpredictability. Traditional dispatch methods struggle to effectively manage PV power deviations in real-time. This paper proposes a dual time-scale strategy integrating centralized optimization with distributed consensus. On the long-term scale, a convex relaxation-based optimal power flow model minimizes line losses and stabilizes voltages. For short-term adjustments, a distributed consensus algorithm dynamically allocates power deviations among PV sources using reserve capacity, eliminating the need for probabilistic uncertainty modeling. The approach is validated through IEEE 14-node simulations and hardware-in-loop (HIL) tests, with comparisons against centralized methods considering forecast errors. The results demonstrate enhanced voltage stability, highlighting the framework’s practicality for real-time grid management.