Exploring oxide cathodes for Li-ion batteries: From mineral mining to active material production

Electrification is a pivotal strategy for addressing the challenges of climate change. Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have emerged as an essential technology for driving this transition. Over the years, researchers have focused on diverse cathode chemistries to achieve high energy density, safety, and cost-efficiency. In this study, cobalt-, nickel-, and manganese-rich oxide cathodes were investigated with a focus on their crystal structures and strategies for improving their structural stability and electrochemical performance. This study also explored the journey from critical mineral ores to battery-grade material production. With the growing demand for energy, the demand for necessary minerals has surged. Although battery recycling is a promising mineral recovery technique, extraction techniques must be improved to make them more efficient and environmentally friendly. This paper also discusses various synthesis methods used to produce CAM, emphasizing the parameters that can influence the electrochemical performance of the cathode oxides. Furthermore, the environmental impact of these LIBs was reviewed to identify areas for improvement and solidify the position of electric vehicles as greener alternatives to internal combustion engine vehicles.