MMP3 at the crossroads: Linking molecular pathways to disease diagnosis and therapy

Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3) is a multifaceted enzyme that plays a critical role in the regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) dynamics, influencing both normal physiological and pathological processes. In addition to its established role in ECM degradation, MMP-3 is gaining recognition for modulating cellular behaviors such as inflammation, migration, and proliferation. Recent research has uncovered its capacity to activate latent signaling molecules, release growth factors from the ECM and interact with various cell surface receptors, linking MMP-3 to the progression of various diseases, including inflammatory diseases, infection diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. The review provides an overview of MMP-3’s molecular regulation, emphasizing the mechanisms controlling its expression and activity. We discuss MMP3’s involvement in both ECM-dependent and independent pathways, and its potential as a diagnostic, prognostic biomarker in various diseases. Additionally, we explore therapeutic strategies targeting MMP-3, summarizing ongoing efforts to develop specific inhibitors and modulate its activity in different pathologic conditions. Through this review, we aim to consolidate the diverse functions of MMP-3 and provide new insights into future research directions, particularly in translating these findings into clinical applications.