Advancements in Seawater Electrocatalysis for Renewable Energy Conversion and Resource Extraction

Given the rising global energy demand and increasing emphasis on environmental protection, the development of renewable energy conversion technologies to replace fossil fuels has emerged as a critical research priority. Among these technologies, seawater electrocatalysis has garnered increasing attention as a high-efficiency and environmentally friendly energy conversion approach. This review summarizes recent advancements in seawater electrocatalysis for energy and resource extraction, covering the reaction mechanisms for hydrogen production via seawater electrolysis and progress in electrocatalytic materials. Specifically, we discuss the development of materials based on non-precious metals, precious metals, nonmetals, and bifunctional electrocatalysts. Additionally, the electrocatalytic conversion of inorganic pollutants (e. g., hydrazine, sulfides) and organic compounds (e. g., urea, microplastics) in seawater is reviewed, emphasizing its significance for marine resource utilization and environmental remediation. We also explore electrochemical strategies for extracting valuable metal ions, such as calcium, magnesium, uranium, and lithium, abundant in seawater. Although seawater electrocatalysis faces challenges in terms of cost and technical scalability, advancements in technology and interdisciplinary collaboration offer promising prospects for its commercialization in energy and resource extraction, with the potential to make substantial contributions to sustainable development.