Advancing agriculture in Africa through nanotechnology: A systematic review

Across Africa, the adoption and progress of nanotechnology face significant challenges, including a lack of technical expertise and supportive government policies. Only a handful of African countries have taken steps to develop comprehensive strategies and policies. This review evaluates the application of nanotechnology in the agricultural sector across Africa, where agriculture employs more than 60% of the population. Globally, agriculture is a major field for nanoparticle applications, with the United States, Russia, China, India, and Iran leading in agricultural nanoparticle production. Nanoparticles are recognized as transformative technologies capable of modernizing traditional agricultural systems. The main applications of nanotechnology in agriculture include advanced agrochemical formulations, improved crop protection, and precise sensor technologies for detecting pollutants at the molecular level. Despite these promising benefits, the adoption of nanotechnology remains limited in Africa, with only a few countries, such as Egypt, South Africa, Ghana, Tunisia, and Algeria, attempting to integrate it into sectors like agriculture and healthcare. Furthermore, only a small number of African nations have established formal strategies and policies for nanotechnology. Therefore, to support Africa’s commitment to international obligations, including the Paris Climate Agreement and the African Union’s Agenda in 2063, to achieve Sustainable Development, governments must prioritize transformative policy development, encourage regional and international collaboration, and invest in education and research in nanotechnology.